@article {pmid41469638,
year = {2025},
author = {Shirato, M and Lehrkinder, A and Nakamura, K and Kanno, T and Lingström, P and Örtengren, U},
title = {Impact of hydrogen peroxide photolysis on viable bacterial count and composition of in vivo dental biofilm-an ex vivo study.},
journal = {BMC oral health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12903-025-07588-6},
pmid = {41469638},
issn = {1472-6831},
}

@article {pmid41469009,
year = {2025},
author = {Mao, MY and Zhang, YJ and Huang, ZZ},
title = {[Effects of pleiotropic regulator catabolite control protein A in prompting the biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans].},
journal = {Zhonghua kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Zhonghua kouqiang yixue zazhi = Chinese journal of stomatology},
volume = {61},
number = {1},
pages = {64-73},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20251027-00431},
pmid = {41469009},
issn = {1002-0098},
support = {82571073, 82071104//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; JYZP006//Major and Key Cultivation Projects of Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine/ ; },
abstract = {Objective: To explore the effects of pleiotropic regulator, catabolite control protein A (CcpA), on the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Methods: The CcpA knockout strain ΔccpA and complementation strain ΔccpA/pDL278-ccpA were constructed. The cell morphologies and growth curves of UA159 and ΔccpA cells were detected. The pH meter and acid tolerance assay were conducted to evaluate the effect of CcpA on the acid-producing and acid resistance capacity of Sm, respectively. Crystal violet assay (CVS), anthrone-sulfuric method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of Sm biofilms. Moreover, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were employed to explore the molecular mechanism of CcpA in prompting the biofilm formation at transcriptional level. Results: Growth curve analysis indicated that ΔccpA demonstrated slightly reduced growth rate compared with UA159, while the final yield showed no significant difference. SEM observation showed ΔccpA bacteria formed loose biofilm architectures and exhibited a reduced capacity in synthesizing extracellular matrix, and these findings were further confirmed by CVS that ΔccpA (0.55±0.11) exhibited decreased biomass relative to UA159 (0.82±0.01) (P<0.01), while no significant difference between ΔccpA/pDL278-ccpA and UA159 (P>0.05). CLSM observation exhibited a reduced capacity to synthesize exopolysaccharides of ΔccpA strain, and these findings were further confirmed by data of anthrone-sulfuric method that ΔccpA exhibited decreased water-soluble glucans (0.10±0.01) and water-insoluble glucans (0.08±0.00) relative to UA159 (0.14±0.02, 0.20±0.03) (all P<0.01), while there was no significant difference between ΔccpA/pDL278-ccpA and UA159 (all P>0.05). RT-qPCR showed the expression levels of gtfB/C/D genes were markedly downregulated in ∆ccpA strain with different carbon resources (all P<0.05). Specifically, the promoter regions of gtfB and gtfC were directly regulated by CcpA. Conclusions: In summary, CcpA can trigger transcription of biofilm-formation genes via direct binding. Our study supports a role for CcpA as a crucial regulator that exploit the nuanced control of Sm biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41468759,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, Y and Song, X and Li, W and Luo, X and Yang, C},
title = {Revealing the optimal ratio of aged-to-fresh carbon in BAC filtration: linking biofilm development, iDNA/eDNA community dynamics, and purification performance.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {291},
number = {},
pages = {125248},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125248},
pmid = {41468759},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) filtration has been widely employed for water purification, yet guidance on appropriate strategies for carbon media renewal remains unclear. A pair of full-scale O3-BAC filters located at a water treatment plant in eastern China (new: 3 years; aged: 11 years) was investigated and verified with a 90-day lab-scale test comprising four columns spanning 0-100% fresh carbon to decipher adsorption-biodegradation interactions and microbial succession. In the full-scale system, the newer filter removed 21.99% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and reduced UV254 by 20.14%, whereas the aged filter, despite its weaker adsorption, removed more assimilable organic carbon (AOC, 22.67%) consistent with a mature biofilm but released more cells to the effluent (up to 2.2 × 10[5] mL[-1]). In the laboratory, beds filled only with fresh carbon showed strong early adsorption but slower onset of nitrification and a delayed decline in AOC, while beds filled only with aged carbon provided immediate biodegradation but higher start-up cell release. Critically, intermediate replacement synchronized adsorption and biodegradation: the 75% fresh + 25% aged configuration stabilized fastest, drove residual AOC towards about 20 µg L[-1] by day 90, and maintained effluent cell concentrations on the order of 10[3]-10[4] mL[-1] while developing dense, diverse biofilms. Microbial analysis showed that hybrid beds preserved nitrifiers and aromatic degraders from aged media while recruiting pioneer colonizers on fresh carbon, enabling broad-spectrum removal of protein-like and humic-like organics confirmed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy. These findings indicate that partial rather than full replacement, optimally 50-75% fresh carbon, can maximize organic pollutant removal and minimize microbial risks when BAC operation maintains low and stable AOC, low and steady effluent TCC/ICC, and concurrent declines in UV254 and DOC, providing a practical basis for sustainable BAC management under stringent drinking water standards.},
}

@article {pmid41467626,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Y and Yan, S and Song, H and Yang, C and Chen, S and Wu, C and Li, Y and Gao, X and Jiang, L and Li, P and Gu, Q},
title = {Calcium-Powered Probiotics Reconfigure the Intestinal Niche via Biofilm Transformation.},
journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e16911},
doi = {10.1002/adma.202516911},
pmid = {41467626},
issn = {1521-4095},
support = {32402054//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; U20A2066//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; FR25003Z//Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang/ ; LQ24C200004//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //The Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology/ ; },
abstract = {Excessive Desulfovibrio (Des) forms biofilm to enable dominant occupation of the intestinal niche, representing a common pathogenic driver of multiple inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) types. Colonization resistance constitutes the primary barrier to antagonistic probiotic efficacy, and this is driven by the pathogen-favorable microenvironment established by Des. Here, probiotic Lactiplantibacillus (Lap) is modified by calcium ions (Ca[2+]) and calcium-regulative polyphenol (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, KAE) via coordinate interaction to achieve intestinal niche reconfiguration. Targeting the tripartite mechanisms of Des-mediated colonization resistance, the Ca[2+]/KAE@Lap platform optimized niche competition through Ca[2+]-bridged interfacial binding with directional bactericidal activity, and this enables bacterial replacement at occupied sites. Ca[2+]/KAE@Lap reestablishes calcium homeostasis disrupted by Des via synergistic Ca[2+]/KAE regulation, dually restoring epithelial energy metabolism and mucus layer reconstitution, counteracting Des-induced colonized sites contraction and regenerated site impairment. This drives phenotypic shift in biofilm composition from Des-dominated to Lap-enriched consortia, which is concomitant with the redirection of intestinal colonization resistance from a pathogen-permissive to a probiotic-favored state. This calcium-based biofilm transformation strategy overcomes the transient colonization limitation inherent in conventional probiotic therapies by effectively disrupting colonization resistance in IBD treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41467047,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, J and Wang, HL and Ding, T and Sun, Y and Wang, S and Yin, C},
title = {L-serine-O-sulfate alters cellular ultrastructure and mitigates the capacity of biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans UA159 via interfering with glutamate racemase.},
journal = {Current research in microbial sciences},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {100427},
pmid = {41467047},
issn = {2666-5174},
abstract = {Dental caries, primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), remains a significant global health challenge. Conventional treatments often disrupt commensal oral flora, necessitating targeted antimicrobial strategies. This study investigated L‑serine-O-sulfate (LSOS), a substrate analog of glutamate racemase (MurI), as a potential agent for interfering with S. mutans UA159 virulence. Computational docking predicted LSOS binding to MurI, while circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed LSOS-induced structural perturbations in recombinant MurI. LSOS exhibited concentration-dependent bactericidal effects, with 5.0 mM completely suppressing growth and 2.5 mM significantly extending doubling time (11.37 hrs vs. 5.68 hrs in controls). Transmission electron microscopy revealed progressive ultrastructural damage, characterized by membrane blebs and cell wall disintegration. Biofilm formation was severely impaired, with 63 % reduction in biomass and significant disruption of extracellular matrix integrity. Microarray-based gene expression analysis identified 119 differentially expressed genes, predominantly downregulated (111/119), affecting translation machinery, metabolic pathways, and transmembrane transport. Biosafety evaluation in L929 fibroblasts showed reduced proliferation (67.59 % of control at 2.5 mM after 48 hrs) with both G1-phase reduction and S-phase cell cycle accumulation. Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated uncompromised survival and early development at concentrations <10 mM, with developmental toxicity emerging only at higher doses (≥20 mM). These findings establish LSOS as a promising anti-virulence agent targeting MurI in S. mutans UA159, with favorable biosafety profiles that warrant further investigation for dental caries prevention and treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41466397,
year = {2025},
author = {Alimata, B and Ablassé, R and Moussa, C and Eli, C and Leila, KWME and Noufou, O and Emmanuelle, HA and Martin, K and Marie-Geneviève, DF},
title = {Anti-biofilm, anti-quorum sensing potential, cytotoxicity, and UPLC-UV/DAD-MS/MS/QTOF profiling of Prosopis Africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. leaves and stems extracts: benefits of a traditional medicine in dental care.},
journal = {BMC complementary medicine and therapies},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {445},
pmid = {41466397},
issn = {2662-7671},
}

@article {pmid41465523,
year = {2025},
author = {Frolov, NA and Seferyan, MA and Detusheva, EV and Son, E and Kolmakov, IG and Vereshchagin, AN},
title = {In Pursuit of a Better Biocide Composition: Synergistic and Additive Effects of QAC-Based Formulations Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms262412098},
pmid = {41465523},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry ; Drug Synergism ; *Plankton/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Managing bacterial infections and the spread of microbial resistance is one of the most critical and complex tasks of modern healthcare infrastructures. Antiseptics and disinfectants such as biocides play a significant role in controlling microbial resistance by reducing the microbial load on surfaces, skin, and environments, thereby limiting the opportunity for pathogens to proliferate and develop resistance. Herein, we tested the different interactions of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based biocide compositions in pursuit of a better antimicrobial performance. An extensive microbiological analysis was conducted for 12 selected compositions of various combinations of mono-QACs, bis-QACs, and alcohols on 17 strains of bacteria of the ESKAPEE group and fungi, including 11 clinical highly resistant varieties, highlighting synergistic or additive dynamics. The evaluation showed noticeable improvements in activity, with up to 16-fold MBC and 32-fold MBEC reductions for alcohol-based compositions of lead QAC. Moreover, synergistic interactions were detected and confirmed via an optimized checkerboard assay for pyridinium QAC combinations against planktonic Gram-positive S. aureus with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) and fractional bactericidal concentration index (FBCI) of 0.39-0.5 and Gram-negative A. baumannii biofilms. The studied biocides demonstrated the long-term preservation of antimicrobial efficiency without resistance development during a 40-day period and do not induce QAC-associated cross-resistance for four commercially available antibiotics with similar mechanisms of action.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Disinfectants/pharmacology/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry
Drug Synergism
*Plankton/drug effects
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects

@article {pmid41465147,
year = {2025},
author = {Andrzejczuk, S and Sozoniuk, M and Sugier, D},
title = {Preliminary Assessment of Arnica montana L. Extract: Antimicrobial Activity Against Acinetobacter baumannii and Biofilm-Related Gene Expression Profiling.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {16},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes16121473},
pmid = {41465147},
issn = {2073-4425},
support = {Staż za miedzą//Association of Lublin Universities (Związek Uczelni Lubelskich)/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics ; *Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Arnica/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Arnica montana L. is widely recognized for its diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of A. montana L. extracts against Acinetobacter baumannii, a pathogen of urgent public health concern due to its increasing antibiotic resistance and capacity for biofilm formation. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic (EtE) and aqueous (AqE) extracts of A. montana flowers was evaluated via the broth microdilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the MBC/MIC ratio were used. The effects of EtE on A. baumannii biofilm formation were assessed via a crystal violet assay. Additionally, transcriptional profiling of biofilm-associated genes following exposure to sub-MIC levels of the extract was conducted via RT-qPCR. Results: The anti-Acinetobacter activity of EtE was demonstrated (MIC = 234.4 and 468.75 µg/mL for A. baumannii ATCC BAA-3252 and ATCC 19606, respectively). The EtE exhibited bactericidal activity against both strains, whereas the AqE showed no activity. Additionally, EtE inhibited biofilm formation and significantly downregulated the expression of key biofilm-associated genes, including those of the csu operon and ompA. Conclusions: Arnica montana EtE demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against A. baumannii and inhibited biofilm development by suppressing the transcription of genes involved in pilus assembly and surface adherence, highlighting their essential role in biofilm formation.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects/genetics
*Plant Extracts/pharmacology/chemistry
*Arnica/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Gene Expression Profiling
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects

@article {pmid41465050,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, H and Jiang, X and Nychas, GE and Yang, K and Dong, P and Zhang, Y and Zhu, L and Liu, Y},
title = {Role of the PhoP/PhoQ Two-Component Regulatory System in Biofilm Formation in Acid-Adapted Salmonella typhimurium.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods14244344},
pmid = {41465050},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {SDAIT-09-09//special fund for innovation team of Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System in Shan-dong province/ ; ZR2022QC182//Natural Science Foundation of Shan-dong Province/ ; beef-CARS-37//the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System/ ; 32302181//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023CXGC010708//Key R&D Program of Shandong Province, China/ ; },
abstract = {Salmonella typhimurium is a global foodborne pathogen, and controlling its persistence is critical for public health. This study investigated the regulatory role of the PhoP/PhoQ two-component system (TCS) in biofilm formation under the acid adaptation condition. A phoP deletion strain (ΔphoP) was constructed and compared with the wild type (WT) after acid induction (pH 5.4). Without acid adaptation, ΔphoP and WT showed similar acid tolerance and biofilm formation. However, after acid induction, ΔphoP exhibited markedly reduced biofilm formation, swimming ability, metabolic activity, and extracellular polymer production. RNA-seq analysis further revealed defects in ΔphoP under acid-induced conditions: (i) first leads to downregulation of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, peptidoglycan synthesis, and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance pathways, thereby weakening the bacteria's envelope modification capacity and structural stability; (ii) it also disrupts signal regulations in acidic environments, further impairing energy metabolism, flagellar function, and chemotaxis, thereby affecting bacterial adhesion capacity and environmental adaptability. These results demonstrate that under acid adaptation, the PhoP/PhoQ TCS is critical for coordinating cell envelope remodelling, energy metabolism, and motility to support biofilm formation in S. typhimurium. Understanding the contribution of this system to biofilm formation is essential for addressing the stress resistance and persistence of Salmonella in the food industry.},
}

@article {pmid41465039,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, M and Hu, J and Xue, T},
title = {clpC-Mediated Translational Control Orchestrates Stress Tolerance and Biofilm Formation in Milk-Originated Staphylococcus aureus RMSA24.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods14244333},
pmid = {41465039},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {32270194//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 24242038//Research Funds of the Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of IHM/ ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that can cause widespread infections as well as severe outbreaks of food poisoning. Recent studies have drawn attention to foodborne pathogens such as S. aureus endowed with the ability to form biofilms and increase resistance to antimicrobial agents as well as environmental stress, posing challenges to food safety. The Clp (caseinolytic protease) protein complex plays a crucial role in energy-dependent protein hydrolysis processes. This mechanism is a common way to maintain intracellular homeostasis and regulation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, especially under stress conditions. In S. aureus, multiple genes encoding Clp ATPase homologues have been identified: clpC, clpB, clpY, clpX, and clpL. This study investigated the roles of clpC in stress tolerance and biofilm formation of foodborne S. aureus RMSA24 isolated from raw milk. Our results showed that the deletion of the clpC gene significantly reduced the bacterium's tolerance to heat, desiccation, hydrogen peroxide, and high osmotic pressure compared to wild type (WT). Furthermore, the clpC knockout mutant also exhibited a marked decrease in biofilm formation using Crystal Violet Staining (CVS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, compared to WT, there was a total of 102 DEGs (differentially expressed genes), with a significant downregulation of genes related to biofilm formation (isaA and spa) and heat-shock response (clpP and danJ). These findings suggest that clpC regulates environmental tolerance in S. aureus by modulating the expression of stress- and biofilm-related genes, positioning it as a potential biomarker and a novel target for controlling contamination in the food industry.},
}

@article {pmid41465006,
year = {2025},
author = {Yao, P and Kang, M and Effarizah, ME},
title = {Characterization of Biofilm-Forming Lactic Acid Bacteria from Traditional Fermented Foods and Their Probiotic Potential.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods14244299},
pmid = {41465006},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {2023AH052217//Major Natural Science Foundation of the Anhui Educational Committee/ ; 2022SJPT03//Collaborative Technology Service Center for the High-Value Processing of Green Agricultural Products (Prepared Foods) in the Yangtze River Delta Region/ ; 2022yzd04//Key Research Project of Suzhou University/ ; },
abstract = {A biofilm is a self-protective material formed by microorganisms to resist adverse environments. As an important group of microorganisms in the food industry and the human intestine, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) demonstrate enhanced probiotic activity in their biofilm state. In this study, a total of 90 LAB isolates from various traditional fermented foods across China were evaluated for their biofilm-forming capacity using the crystal violet staining method. Of these, eight isolates showed strong biofilm-forming capacity. These eight isolates were further evaluated for environmental stress responses, including tolerance to high acid and high bile salt concentrations, resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and adherence to Caco-2 cells. Four isolates with strong resistance to these stresses and adhesion to Caco-2 cells were selected for comparison between their planktonic and biofilm forms. Among these, the two isolates demonstrating the highest biofilm production capacity were AQ-4 and SY1-3, which were isolated from fermented pear juice and apple juice, respectively. Isolate AQ-4 was then identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum based on 16S rDNA sequencing. By integrating biofilm-forming capacity with key biological properties, including stress tolerance and epithelial adhesion, this study focuses on L. plantarum AQ-4, which exhibits distinct microstructural differences between planktonic and biofilm states, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The findings suggest that L. plantarum AQ-4 could be used to investigate the differential mechanisms in the planktonic and biofilm states and to act as the theoretical basis for the application of LAB biofilms in the food industry.},
}

@article {pmid41465002,
year = {2025},
author = {Ahn, JM and Kim, YH and Rhim, JW and Yoon, KS},
title = {Onion-Peel Carbon Quantum Dots: Antimicrobial Effect and Biofilm Control on Food Contact Surfaces.},
journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/foods14244296},
pmid = {41465002},
issn = {2304-8158},
support = {GS-1-JO-ON-info2120241901//Kyung Hee University/ ; },
abstract = {As by-products rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, onion peels are globally undervalued and often discarded. This study reports the synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from onion peels and evaluates their antimicrobial effectiveness against key foodborne pathogens and biofilms on common food contact surfaces, including plastic, stainless steel, and rubber. The CQDs exhibited a quasi-spherical shape with particle sizes ranging from 1.7 to 9.0 nm and contained abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-functional groups, as confirmed by FT-IR and XPS analyses. The CQDs showed significant antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus of 2200/2800 µg/mL, 1400/2000 µg/mL, 1200/1800 µg/mL, and 400/600 µg/mL, respectively. Time-kill assays confirmed these results. In biofilm tests, S. typhimurium formed biofilms more easily than L. monocytogenes. Washing with CQD solution for 5 min reduced biofilm presence by 81.6-91.5% for S. typhimurium and over 74% for L. monocytogenes, with more than 94% reduction after 10 min of treatment (over 94% for S. typhimurium; 95.8-98.8% for L. monocytogenes) across all surfaces, especially on plastic and stainless steel. These findings indicate that onion peel-derived CQDs are promising, eco-friendly agents for disrupting biofilms and turning undervalued waste into valuable products.},
}

@article {pmid41463842,
year = {2025},
author = {Azirar, R and Ouagajjou, Y and da Costa, F and Janah, H and Aghzar, A},
title = {Effect of Stocking Density and Biofilm-Based Microalgae on Larvae and Post-Larvae Growth and Settlement Patterns of the Clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Captivity.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {15},
number = {24},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ani15243557},
pmid = {41463842},
issn = {2076-2615},
support = {#5UAE 2022 (2022-2024)//Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CNRST)/ ; },
abstract = {Larval rearing is a critical phase in shellfish-hatchery production. Thus, optimizing larval survival, growth, and settlement is essential for reliable seed output. This study investigated the effect of rearing density on larvae and settlement performances of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus in captivity. Furthermore, the influence of natural biofilm-based microalgae on larvae settlement and post-larvae performance was also investigated herein. Three larval rearing densities (10, 20, and 40 larvae mL[-1]) were studied during larvae development, and four settlement densities (35, 70, 100, and 140 larvae cm[-2]) were tested during larvae settlement and metamorphosis. The effect of biofilm-based microalgae on larvae settlement and post-larvae pattern was tested at a standard settlement density (70 larvae cm[-2]). High larval density significantly reduced survival (18% at 40 larvae mL[-1]) compared with lower densities (26% and 23% at 20 and 10 larvae mL[-1], respectively). Significantly higher settlement rate (36% and 33%) and spat yield were observed at 35 and 70 larvae cm[-2], respectively, compared to high densities (100 and 140 larvae cm[-2]). Remarkably, post-larvae reared under the biofilm treatment showed faster growth performances compared to untreated (control) ones. These findings indicated that lower larval and settlement densities enhance survival and settlement rates. Natural biofilm promoted post-larval growth, and therefore, its use can be an effective strategy to improve R. decussatus hatchery outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41463784,
year = {2025},
author = {Nurmohamed, FRHA and Allen, KJH and Malo, ME and Frank, C and van Duvenbode, JFFH and van der Wildt, B and Poot, AJ and Lam, MGEH and van Strijp, JAG and Nikkels, PGJ and Vogely, HC and Weinans, H and Dadachova, E and van der Wal, BCH},
title = {Pathogen-Specific Actinium-225 and Lutetium-177 Labeled Antibodies for Treatment of Biofilm-Associated Implant Infections: Initial In Vivo Proof-of-Concept.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14121283},
pmid = {41463784},
issn = {2079-6382},
support = {NWA.1292.19.354//Dutch Healthcare Authority/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: the primary challenge with implant infections is the formation of biofilm, which harbors dormant bacteria that reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics and amplify antibiotic resistance, exacerbating the global antimicrobial resistance crisis. A potential novel treatment strategy is radioimmunotherapy, which uses antibodies linked to radioisotopes to deliver targeted radiation to the bacteria and biofilm. We describe the first in vivo use of targeted radiation therapy, employing Actinium-225 (α-radiation) and Lutetium-177 (β-radiation) labeled antibodies to treat a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated intramedullary implant infection. Untargeted radiation in the form of unbound radionuclide treatment was also evaluated.

METHODS: to assess therapeutic efficacy, bacterial counts were performed on implant and surrounding bone after seven days of follow-up. Biodistribution was evaluated using SPECT/CT and ex vivo gamma counting.

RESULTS: radioimmunotherapy using an antibody against wall teichoic acid which was labeled with Actinium-225 and Lutetium-177 achieved bacterial reductions between 45% and 93% on the implant and surrounding bone. Surprisingly, a similar antimicrobial effect was observed with unbound Actinium-225 treatment reducing the bacterial load by 80% on the implant and 98% in the surrounding bone. Indications of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) with Lutetium-177 labeled antibodies were observed through hepatic and renal function evaluations.

CONCLUSIONS: These results should be interpreted in the context of the study's constraints, particularly the limited animal sample size. Nonetheless, the results suggest that in vivo applied radiation may help reduce a biofilm-associated infection at the implant site as well as in the surrounding bone. These findings encourage further investigation into the use of targeted and non-targeted radiation, potentially combined with antibiotics, to develop effective strategies for eradicating biofilm-associated implant infections.},
}

@article {pmid41463718,
year = {2025},
author = {Erdoğan Deniz, N and Akkaya, Y and Kılıç, İH},
title = {Biofilm Production, Distribution of ica Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolates.},
journal = {Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antibiotics14121215},
pmid = {41463718},
issn = {2079-6382},
abstract = {Backgrounds/Objectives: This study aimed to quantify biofilm production and characterize the distribution of the biofilm-associated ica genes (icaA, icaD, icaB, icaC, icaR) in coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates, and to assess the association between these genes and antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods: A total of 121 CoNS isolates collected at Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between 1 January and 30 August 2024 were identified by VITEK 2 Compact and MALDI-TOF MS. Biofilm production was quantified using the microtiter plate assay, and the presence of ica genes was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed with the VITEK 2 Compact (bioMérieux), and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted according to EUCAST criteria. Results:S. epidermidis was found to have the highest biofilm production capacity among the CoNS isolates, followed by S. haemolyticus. The icaA gene was detected in 99.17% of isolates, followed by icaR (70.24%), icaD (55.37%), and both icaB and icaC (28.92% each). The highest resistance rates were observed for oxacillin (85.8%) and erythromycin (85.1%), while all isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, daptomycin, and vancomycin. Conclusions: The high prevalence of ica genes in CoNS isolates indicates that biofilm formation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of these species. The findings reveal that CoNS have a strong biofilm production potential, which is a decisive factor in their pathogenicity. However, the high methicillin resistance rates emerge as one of the main factors limiting the effectiveness of current treatment options. Therefore, future studies need to focus on the development of anti-biofilm approaches and alternative therapeutic strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41463576,
year = {2025},
author = {Zeng, D and Jiao, F and Yang, Y and Dou, S and Yu, J and Yu, X and Zhou, Y and Xue, J and Li, X and Duan, H and Zhang, Y and Guo, J and Yang, W},
title = {Correction: Zeng et al. Myricetin Potentiates Antibiotics Against Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Disrupting Biofilm Formation and Inhibiting Motility Through FimX-Mediated c-di-GMP Signaling Interference. Biology 2025, 14, 859.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biology14121660},
pmid = {41463576},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {Error in Figure [...].},
}

@article {pmid41463348,
year = {2025},
author = {Aziz, W and Sultana, H and Kumar, V and Tyagi, A},
title = {The Relationship Between NETosis and Biofilm Formation in Chronic Infections.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom15121692},
pmid = {41463348},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism ; Neutrophils/immunology ; Animals ; Chronic Disease ; },
abstract = {Chronic infections pose significant clinical challenges due to their persistent nature, heightened resistance to conventional therapies, and association with biofilm formation. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), released through a unique form of cell death known as NETosis, serve as an innate immune defense mechanism by trapping and neutralizing pathogens. However, accumulating evidence reveals a complex and paradoxical relationship between NETs and microbial biofilms. While NETs can immobilize and kill planktonic microbes, the extracellular DNA and associated proteins often contribute to biofilm stability, immune evasion, and chronic infection persistence. This review explores the bidirectional interactions between NETosis and biofilm formation, with a focus on their synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of chronic infections such as cystic fibrosis lung disease, diabetic foot ulcers, periodontitis, and implant-associated infections. We outline the molecular mechanisms governing NETosis, the structural and functional dynamics of biofilms, and how these processes intersect to form recalcitrant infection niches. Emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting this pathogenic interplay including DNase-based treatments, PAD4 inhibitors, and combination therapies are critically evaluated. By illuminating the pathogenic synergy between NETs and biofilms, this review underscores the need for integrated immunomodulatory and anti-biofilm interventions to effectively manage chronic infectious diseases and improve patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Extracellular Traps/immunology/metabolism
Neutrophils/immunology
Animals
Chronic Disease

@article {pmid41461973,
year = {2025},
author = {Jeyachandran, S and Sekar, S},
title = {Natural Anti-Biofilm Agents: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {2},
pages = {115},
pmid = {41461973},
issn = {1432-0991},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Biological Products/pharmacology ; Quorum Sensing/drug effects ; Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; Aquatic Organisms/chemistry ; Animals ; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Biofilms, complex microbial communities embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), pose significant challenges across medical, industrial and environmental sectors due to their enhanced resistance to antibiotics and chemical agents. Traditional treatments often fail to combat biofilm-associated infections, leading to increased healthcare costs and mortality rates. This comprehensive review explores the potential of natural anti-biofilm agents derived from plants, microorganisms, marine organisms and other natural sources as alternative strategies. Plant-derived compounds, microbial products and marine bioactive substances exhibit promising anti-biofilm properties through various mechanisms, including inhibition of microbial adhesion, quorum sensing (QS) interference and EPS disruption. The review highlights the efficacy of these agents in both in vitro and in vivo studies and discusses their potential applications in industries such as medicine, food processing and water treatment. Despite the promising results, challenges such as standardization, biocompatibility and environmental impact remain. Future research should focus on optimizing these natural agents and exploring synergistic combinations to enhance their efficacy. This review underscores the importance of sustainable and interdisciplinary approaches in developing effective, eco-friendly anti-biofilm strategies for diverse applications.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Biological Products/pharmacology
Quorum Sensing/drug effects
Humans
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacteria/drug effects
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
Aquatic Organisms/chemistry
Animals
Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix/drug effects

@article {pmid41461532,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, T and Shen, W and Zhou, Y and Shao, S and Wu, X and Pan, D},
title = {Simultaneous removal of manganese and nitrate by manganese redox driven moving bed biofilm reactor: Characteristic, biological community and mechanism.},
journal = {Journal of environmental sciences (China)},
volume = {161},
number = {},
pages = {858-871},
doi = {10.1016/j.jes.2025.05.042},
pmid = {41461532},
issn = {1001-0742},
mesh = {*Bioreactors/microbiology ; *Biofilms ; *Manganese/metabolism/analysis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Nitrates/metabolism/analysis ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis ; *Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Manganese Compounds ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen ; },
abstract = {This study investigated the effects of different manganese forms (MnCl2 and MnO2) on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Compared to the control without manganese, the addition of MnCl2 and MnO2 increased NO3[-]-N removal efficiency by 11.47 % and 9.54 %, and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency by 17.91 % and 15.45 %, respectively. The average accumulation of NO2[-]-N decreased from 3.02 to 0.04 mg/L and 0.18 mg/L, respectively. The manganese redox system induced by MnCl2 enhanced total phosephorus (TP) removal efficiency by approximately 3.5 times, while MnO2 reduced TP removal efficiency by 2.94 %. After discontinuing MnCl2 and MnO2 supplementation, denitrification efficiency significantly declined, and Mn(II) reduced by BioMnOx could not sustain the manganese cycling process long-term. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) analysis revealed that MnCl2 and MnO2 stimulated the production of uronic acids, amide III, and secondary amides in proteins. High-throughput sequencing indicated that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria were the dominant phyla involved in denitrification, but different manganese sources altered the microbial community composition. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria generally decreased, while Bacteroidetes increased by 16.29 % and 4.14 % with MnCl2 and MnO2. MnCl2 was more conducive to the Bacteroidetes growth. This study provides a practical framework for applying manganese-enhanced MBBR system in wastewater treatment plants to improve nitrogen removal efficiency and operational stability.},
}

*Bioreactors/microbiology
*Biofilms
*Manganese/metabolism/analysis
Oxidation-Reduction
*Nitrates/metabolism/analysis
*Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism/analysis
*Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods
Manganese Compounds
Denitrification
Nitrogen

@article {pmid41467006,
year = {2025},
author = {Guo, X and Liu, S and Zhou, L and Xue, B and Huang, Y and Li, J and Zhong, J and Zhong, C},
title = {Effective disposal and remediation of chemical agents with designer living biofilm materials in soil and water.},
journal = {Fundamental research},
volume = {5},
number = {6},
pages = {2571-2579},
pmid = {41467006},
issn = {2667-3258},
abstract = {Chemical agents (CAs) and their analogues, as representative persistent organic pollutants, are of serious global concerns and can have devastating impacts on environments and human beings. Enzymes used for decontamination of such chemical pollutions often lack high efficacy and robustness against environmental pressures, thereby limiting their practical application in bioremediation. Here, we report living materials based on genetically engineered biofilms that exhibit remarkable enzymatic activities, superior environmental tolerance, self-regeneration, recyclable usage, and tunable functionality. We show that the designer living materials can degrade CAs and pesticides with high efficacy in an eco-friendly manner, and our systems enable actual elimination of CAs pollution in water and soil. The degradation capacity of the designer living materials can achieve more than 95% for 5 mg/ml HD, 5 mg/ml GD and 5 mg/ml VX within 60 min under laboratory conditions, and the turnover numbers of the designer living materials for HD, GD, and VX have increased by more than 1.3 times compared with free enzymes. In addition, the relative activities of the designer living materials remained almost unchanged after 5 recycles, retaining over 95% of their initial catalytic activities even after the final cycle. Combining the adhesive engineered biofilm living materials with electropositive granule media to form a bifunctional composite material, we further demonstrate coinstantaneous removal of biological and chemical pollutants in environmental water. Our work thus establishes a general approach to improve the robustness of enzymes against environmental pressures and provides a sustainable method for decontamination of chemical and biological pollutions.},
}

@article {pmid41461318,
year = {2025},
author = {Qi, WY and Zhou, JY and Guan, SN and Kang, ZY and Wang, SG and Yuan, XZ and Song, C},
title = {Protective behavior of bacterial biofilm at high Temperatures: Corrosion control strategies for thermal system Pipes.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133893},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133893},
pmid = {41461318},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Corrosion in the water-heat interaction systems shortens facility lifespan of transportation pipelines, leading to extensive perforation accidents and economic losses. This study investigates the impact of Geobacillus stearothermophilus on carbon steel corrosion, validated through the separate and combined application of biocide and biofilm dispersant. In high-temperature aqueous environments, the inoculation of this bacterium mitigates corrosion, as evidenced by a 33 % reduction in weight loss, a decrease in pitting depth from 16.2 to 0.8 μm, and an increase in Fe(Ⅱ): Fe(Ⅲ) of corrosion products. The addition of biocide (from 0 to 0.5 ppm) weakens the protective effect, while the combined use of both biocide and dispersant nearly abolishes the inhibition of corrosion. The local "anaerobic microenvironment" created by bacterial internal oxygen consumption and biofilm isolation of external oxygen alters corrosion products and directly inhibits aerobic corrosion. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the in-situ anti-corrosion of high-temperature pipelines by thermophiles.},
}

@article {pmid41460350,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhu, Z and Zhan, Y and Sun, H and Shi, L and Liu, G},
title = {Exploring the Dynamic Culture System of biofilm-forming Bifidobacterium Adolescentis BL-8: from System establishment, Formation Mechanisms Analysis To Application in freeze-dried Probiotic Powder.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {83},
number = {2},
pages = {110},
pmid = {41460350},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {6252001//Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality/ ; 2022A1515140021//Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 31871772//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Probiotics ; *Bifidobacterium adolescentis/physiology/growth & development/genetics ; Freeze Drying ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Powders ; Quorum Sensing ; Gene Expression Profiling ; },
abstract = {Biofilm formation provides probiotics with a natural barrier against harsh conditions and increases their bioavailability. The dynamic culture system could effectively promote probiotic biofilm formation. In view of the excellent probiotic properties and biofilm-forming ability of Bifidobacterium adolescentis BL-8, a dynamic culture system for this strain was constructed in this study and utilized to carry out in-depth mechanistic and potential application research. The results showed that innovatively establishing this system with physical-biological synergies for B. adolescentis BL-8, using oat bran as the carrier, achieved a 46.6% increase in the biofilm-forming rate and reduced the formation time by 12 h. This enhancement was attributed to carrier-strain interactions that this system strengthened bacterial initial aggregation during reversible adhesion through electrostatic/hydrophilic force regulation. Transcriptome analysis during irreversible adhesion and growth maturation phase further discovered that this system controls two-component signaling systems to boost nitrogen assimilation and c-di-GMP pathways to suppress flagella assembly, collectively promoting bacterial growth and morphological transitions. Dynamic cultivation also regulated the quorum-sensing system, prolonged biofilm growth, and stimulated extracellular polymeric substance synthesis. These modulations reinforced the biofilm's structural integrity, enabling increased bacterial resistance to freeze-drying and gastrointestinal stress and the storage time of the freeze-dried probiotic powder. This dynamic culture system with physical-biological synergies effectively promoted B. adolescentis BL-8 biofilm formation through enhanced initial adhesion, bacterial proliferation and morphological transformations, and prolonged biofilm formation, exhibiting great potential for applications. This study provides an important theoretical basis and new insights for the development of probiotic biofilm-modulation technology and its industrial applications.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Probiotics
*Bifidobacterium adolescentis/physiology/growth & development/genetics
Freeze Drying
Bacterial Adhesion
Powders
Quorum Sensing
Gene Expression Profiling

@article {pmid41459758,
year = {2025},
author = {Chatterjee, S and Dube, A and Majumder, SK},
title = {Evaluation of antibacterial photodynamic efficacy of a novel cationic near infrared chlorophyll derivative against planktonic and biofilm-borne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Photochemistry and photobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/php.70067},
pmid = {41459758},
issn = {1751-1097},
support = {//Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India/ ; //Homi Bhabha National Institute/ ; },
abstract = {Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach for inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria; however, its effectiveness is compromised, particularly when bacteria hide within biofilm and if infection spreads deeper in tissue. To overcome this limitation, photosensitizers having absorption in the near-infrared region (NIR) (650-800 nm), where light penetrates deeper in tissue, need to be developed. We report aPDT efficacy of Cycloimide Purpurin-18 betaine hydrazide conjugate (CIPp-18-BH), a cationic chlorophyll derivative, against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO). CIPp-18-BH was synthesized by conjugating CIPp-18 to betaine hydrazide (BH) using a carbodiimide coupling reaction. CIPp-18-BH, as compared to CIPp-18, exhibited lower lipophilicity; thereby, it did not aggregate in aqueous conditions and generated a substantial amount of singlet oxygen upon photo-excitation with red light. CIPp-18-BH exhibited no fluorescence in water and substantial fluorescence in less polar solvents. CIPp-18-BH bound to planktonic bacteria did not show fluorescence; whereas remarkable fluorescence was seen in biofilms, indicating it lies on the surface of bacteria and accumulates within the apolar micro-environment of biofilms. PDT of planktonic MRSA and PAO with 40 μM CIPp-18-BH led to ~7 log and ~2.5 log reduction in cell viability, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed that PDT led to substantial bacterial inactivation within MRSA and PAO biofilms, resulting in inhibition of biofilm growth by ~50% and ~20%, respectively. Results demonstrate that CIPp-18-BH is a promising photosensitizer for photodynamic inactivation of planktonic and biofilm-borne bacteria.},
}

@article {pmid41459494,
year = {2025},
author = {Shi, S and Tang, G and Wei, J and Shen, S and Ding, Z and An, Q and Tao, H and Wang, F},
title = {Organosilicone double-long-chain diquaternary ammonium salt acts as a biofilm scavenger to ameliorate colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1644433},
pmid = {41459494},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Animals ; Dextran Sulfate ; *Biofilms/drug effects ; Mice ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/drug therapy/microbiology ; Cytokines/blood ; Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/drug effects/pathology ; Male ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; *Colitis/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Colon/drug effects/microbiology/pathology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains challenging due to limited efficacy and significant side effects. Organosilicone Double-Long-Chain Diquaternary Ammonium Salt (JUC Spray Dressing) exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of JUC Spray Dressing in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS)-induced UC mouse model and explore its potential mechanisms of action.

METHODS: A UC model was induced in mice using 3% DSS, followed by JUC Spray Dressing enema treatment. Disease activity index (DAI), histological scores, bacterial biofilms on the intestinal mucosa, and tight junction integrity were assessed. Inflammatory cytokine levels in peripheral blood were measured, and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing was performed to analyze cecal microbiota composition.

RESULTS: JUC Spray Dressing significantly alleviated UC symptoms and reduced colonic congestion, with no significant difference compared to other treatment groups (P > 0.05). All treatments significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood (P < 0.0001), with no significant differences among the groups. Additionally, all treatments effectively reduced biofilm thickness and bacterial abundance, improving intestinal barrier integrity. JUC Spray Dressing inhibited harmful bacteria such as Bacteroides spp. without significantly altering overall microbial composition.

CONCLUSIONS: JUC Spray Dressing effectively removes intestinal bacterial biofilms, reduces inflammation, and enhances barrier function to alleviate UC symptoms. Its efficacy appeared comparable to conventional treatments, suggesting potential as an alternative therapeutic option; however, the present study did not assess mucosal safety, and dedicated toxicology studies are required to establish safety for intraluminal use.},
}

Animals
Dextran Sulfate
*Biofilms/drug effects
Mice
Disease Models, Animal
*Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology/chemistry
*Colitis, Ulcerative/chemically induced/drug therapy/microbiology
Cytokines/blood
Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology/drug effects/pathology
Male
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
*Colitis/chemically induced/drug therapy
Colon/drug effects/microbiology/pathology

@article {pmid41457938,
year = {2026},
author = {Barel, M and Koskeroglu, K and Koca, FD and Hizlisoy, H and Disli, HB and Dishan, A and Satıcıoglu, BI and Hizlisoy, S},
title = {Colistin and Biofilm-Related Genes of Positive Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle (Bos taurus) Carcasses Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, Biofilm and Molecular Characterisation of Isolates.},
journal = {Veterinary medicine and science},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {e70730},
doi = {10.1002/vms3.70730},
pmid = {41457938},
issn = {2053-1095},
support = {//Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri, Erciyes Üniversitesi/ ; TSA-2021-11335//Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit/ ; },
mesh = {*Escherichia coli O157/drug effects/physiology/genetics ; *Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Animals ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; *Colistin/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance in various infectious agents represents a public health threat. Therefore, the use of antimicrobials reveals new resistance mechanisms, and these resistance mechanisms are spreading globally. In this study, the aim was to isolate Escherichia coli from samples by conventional culture method and to identify the E. coli isolates obtained by PCR analysis. As a result of the culture method, 120 of 300 samples (40%) were isolated as suspected E. coli. However, the detection of the trpA gene only in 90 (75%) of the isolates allowed for the confirmation that it was, in fact, E. coli. According to PCR results, a total of 10 (11%) isolates were identified as E. coli subgroups. Eight (80%) of these isolates were found to be E. coli O157:H7 positive, while two (20%) were found to be E. coli O157 positive. In addition, five (50%) isolates were found to be H7 positive. Antimicrobial effect (Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) was determined using the ELISA method. The results show that the CuONPs at 0.085 µg/mL had antibacterial properties against all strains. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disc diffusion method. Nine (10%), 6 (6%), 28 (31%), 24 (26%), 5 (5%), 8 (8.8%), 4 (4%) and 6 (6%) tetracyclines, erythromycin, gentamicin, azithromycin, imipenem, ampicillin and nalidixic acid were found to be resistant, respectively. According to the results of the analysis, 1 and mcr 5 gene levels were found in 10 (11%) and 2 (2.2%) isolates, respectively. Also, in the isolates, E. coli O157:H7 had mcr 1 and mcr 5 genes in levels 3 (37.5) and 2 (25%). Nonetheless, 2 (100%) E. coli O157 isolates carried the mcr 1 gene, while 4 (80%) H7 isolates carried the mcr 1 gene. In this study, virulence genes were detected in all E. coli O157:H7 isolates. According to Congo red agar, two E. coli isolates were found to have strong biofilm formation ability, while three E. coli isolates were found to have moderate biofilm formation ability. The results of this study, due to the antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and biofilm formation abilities of the strains, emphasize that these strains pose a significant risk to public health because they are associated with foodborne diseases and that this situation poses a danger of spreading the resistance gene in the environment.},
}

*Escherichia coli O157/drug effects/physiology/genetics
*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Animals
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Cattle
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
*Colistin/pharmacology
Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary/microbiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests/veterinary

@article {pmid41457737,
year = {2025},
author = {Deari, S and Gothwal, M and Gränicher, K and Thurnheer, T and Attin, T and Karygianni, L},
title = {The Effect of Pellicle on Biofilm Formation in a Supragingival Biofilm Model.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental dental research},
volume = {11},
number = {6},
pages = {e70276},
doi = {10.1002/cre2.70276},
pmid = {41457737},
issn = {2057-4347},
support = {//Institutional funds of the University of Zurich/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Dental Pellicle/microbiology/physiology ; Humans ; Cattle ; Animals ; Saliva/microbiology ; Bacterial Adhesion/physiology ; Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology/growth & development ; Candida albicans/physiology/growth & development ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Dental Enamel/microbiology ; Actinomyces/physiology ; Veillonella/physiology/growth & development ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Oral biofilms initiate with the formation of an acquired pellicle on dental surfaces, a thin layer of salivary glycoproteins that provides a substrate for microbial adhesion. This study aimed to assess the necessity of a preformed pellicle for biofilm growth in vitro by analyzing the development of a standardized six-species biofilm, comprising Actinomyces oris, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biofilms were cultivated on bovine enamel discs under two conditions: (1) precoated with human saliva to simulate a pellicle and (2) without a preformed pellicle. Colony-forming units (CFUs) of each microbial species were quantified after incubation in either human saliva or a NaCl-based medium at 16 and 64 h.

RESULTS: The analysis revealed no significant differences in CFU counts between discs with or without a preformed pellicle, regardless of whether biofilms were grown in human saliva or NaCl medium, with one exception: S. oralis in pellicle/NaCl (6.7 Log10) medium at 16 h showed a slight decrease in the absence of a pellicle (5.9 Log10).

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that microbial adhesion and subsequent biofilm development occurred independently of an initial pellicle. The preformed salivary pellicle does not seem to play a significant role in the initial development of this in vitro biofilm model. Biofilm testing in laboratory settings, especially for studies on antimicrobial efficacy, could be simplified, as pellicle formation may not be an essential requirement. Although no significant differences in biofilm development were observed between pellicle and no-pellicle conditions, the growth medium may have influenced pellicle interactions, warranting further investigation of media effects on pellicle formation. Existing assumptions about pellicle dependence in biofilm formation are challenged, and suggest that in vitro models without a pellicle may still provide valid platforms for studying biofilms and testing antimicrobial agents effectively.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Dental Pellicle/microbiology/physiology
Humans
Cattle
Animals
Saliva/microbiology
Bacterial Adhesion/physiology
Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology/growth & development
Candida albicans/physiology/growth & development
Colony Count, Microbial
Dental Enamel/microbiology
Actinomyces/physiology
Veillonella/physiology/growth & development

@article {pmid41457569,
year = {2025},
author = {Bai, S and Chen, L and Xiang, L and Li, M and Wu, R and Tang, S and Wang, F and Lv, X and Wan, S},
title = {Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Containing the α-Aminophosphonate Backbone: A Biofilm Inhibitor for Preventing and Treating Citrus Bacterial Canker.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.5c10988},
pmid = {41457569},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {The formation of bacterial biofilms enhances pathogen resistance, reducing the efficacy of traditional antibacterial agents. Consequently, developing new and efficient biofilm inhibitors is critical. Herein, a series of sulfonamide derivatives containing α-aminophosphonate fragments were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antimicrobial activities. In vitro bioassay revealed the superior efficacy of compound A20 (EC50 = 26.6 μg mL[-1]) over the commercial bactericide thiodiazole copper (EC50 = 82.5 μg mL[-1]) against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac). Further studies demonstrated that A20 effectively inhibited Xac biofilm formation and reduced multiple virulence factors, including extracellular enzyme activity, motility, and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production. These excellent properties are undoubtedly transmitted to in vivo activity, yielding preventive efficacies of 75.32% and 50.28% against citrus bacterial canker at 200 μg mL[-1], surpassing those of thiodiazole copper (57.52% and 43.83%). These findings indicate that inhibiting biofilm formation represents a promising strategy for developing novel antibacterial agents to manage persistent plant bacterial diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41457517,
year = {2025},
author = {Albanell-Fernández, M and Soriano, Á and Herrera, S and Tuset, M and Arranz, N and Deckers, C and Honoré, PM},
title = {Real-world experience with rezafungin for the treatment of biofilm-forming Candida infections.},
journal = {Future microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.1080/17460913.2025.2604475},
pmid = {41457517},
issn = {1746-0921},
abstract = {Biofilm eradication remains a significant challenge in clinical practice and contributes substantially to healthcare costs. Medical devices serve as a common substrate for biofilm formation and are implicated in a considerable proportion of invasive candidiasis cases. Rezafungin, a next-generation echinocandin, exhibits broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against Candida spp. and in vitro studies have confirmed its efficacy against Candida biofilms. A literature review up to July 2025 was conducted, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and gray literature, focusing on the real-world use of rezafungin for device-related and other biofilm-associated Candida infections. Real-world data may suggest its clinical effectiveness in managing complex fungal infections frequently associated with biofilms, such as implant-associated infections, endocarditis, or osteoarticular infections, particularly in co-morbid patients. Among the 18 reviewed cases, mostly coming from Europe and the United States, a successful outcome was reported in 83.3% of patients after a median treatment duration of over 3 months, with no serious drug-related adverse events reported. Although these findings should be interpreted cautiously, given the limited sample size and heterogeneity of cases, they support rezafungin as a potential therapeutic option for biofilm-associated fungal infections.},
}

@article {pmid41457060,
year = {2026},
author = {Farah, H and Kadhim-Abosaoda, M and Mohaisen-Mousa, H and Renuka Jyothi, S and Priyadarshini-Nayak, P and Bethanney Janney, J and Singh, G and Singh-Chauhan, A and Kumar-Mishra, M},
title = {Nanomedicine Strategies Against Biofilm-Associated Infections: Advances, Challenges, and Translational Barriers.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {e70210},
doi = {10.1002/mbo3.70210},
pmid = {41457060},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; Humans ; *Nanomedicine/methods/trends ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Animals ; *Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology ; Nanoparticles/chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Bacteria/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance continues to rise globally, with biofilm-associated infections intensifying the clinical burden through persistent tolerance to antibiotics and evasion of immune responses. Biofilms, structured microbial communities embedded in a protective extracellular matrix, underlie many chronic and recurrent infections, including endocarditis, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis lung disease, and device-related infections. Conventional antibiotics often fail in these contexts, and the discovery pipeline for novel agents remains limited. Nanotechnology has therefore emerged as a promising alternative, offering unique physicochemical features that enable enhanced penetration into biofilm matrices, improved drug stability, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Diverse nanosystems, including metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, and ligand-functionalized platforms, have shown encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating superior biofilm disruption and bacterial eradication compared with conventional therapies. Nevertheless, translating these advances into clinical practice remains challenging. Key barriers include complex and costly synthesis, scalability under good manufacturing practices, limited drug loading efficiencies, variability of preclinical biofilm models, regulatory uncertainties, and the risks of nanoparticle (NP)-induced toxicity, unpredictable biodistribution, and potential resistance development. Moreover, the dynamic interactions between NPs, host fluids, and biofilm extracellular matrices complicate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic predictability. Addressing these obstacles requires coordinated efforts to refine manufacturing processes, standardize biofilm models, and implement nanospecific regulatory frameworks. With careful optimization, nanomedicine holds the potential to redefine the therapeutic landscape for biofilm-related infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
Humans
*Nanomedicine/methods/trends
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Animals
*Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/microbiology
Nanoparticles/chemistry
Drug Delivery Systems
Bacteria/drug effects

@article {pmid41456269,
year = {2025},
author = {Alrashidi, A and Husin, BAEH and Alazmi, M and Ibrahim, SM and Sulieman, AME},
title = {Modulatory effects of Mentha longifolia and Mentha spicata essential oils on Candida albicans biofilm formation.},
journal = {Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)},
volume = {71},
number = {12},
pages = {1-9},
doi = {10.14715/cmb/2025.71.12.1},
pmid = {41456269},
issn = {1165-158X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology ; *Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Mentha/chemistry ; *Mentha spicata/chemistry ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Mentha longifolia (horsemint) and Mentha spicata (spearmint) are economically valuable aromatic plants widely utilized in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to their rich reservoir of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the antifungal and antibiofilm properties of essential oils extracted from these species against various Candida strains, particularly Candida albicans, a major opportunistic pathogen responsible for oral and systemic infections. Essential oils were extracted via hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and chemically characterized through GC-MS, revealing that M. longifolia oil was predominantly composed of pulegone (29.7%), menthone (26%), and eucalyptol (17.8%), while M. spicata oil was mainly enriched in pulegone (68.5%), eucalyptol (5.2%), and thymol (3.5%). The antifungal activity, evaluated by agar-well diffusion and broth microdilution assays, showed inhibition zones ranging from 9-14 mm for M. longifolia and 9-12 mm for M. spicata, with corresponding minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.39-6.25 mg/mL and fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of 12.5-100 mg/mL. Both oils markedly reduced biofilm biomass in a concentration-dependent manner, with up to 90% inhibition observed at 4× MIC. The potent biofilm disruption was attributed to the high terpenoid content, capable of altering fungal membrane integrity. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the essential oils of M. longifolia and M. spicata possess significant antifungal and antibiofilm potential, highlighting their possible application as natural, plant-derived therapeutic agents for controlling Candida-associated oral and biomedical infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Oils, Volatile/pharmacology/chemistry
*Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology
*Antifungal Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Mentha/chemistry
*Mentha spicata/chemistry
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Plant Oils/pharmacology/chemistry

@article {pmid41455904,
year = {2025},
author = {Hanna, RS and Sebak, M and Sayed, AM and El-Gendy, AO and Taha, MN},
title = {Mechanistic insights into Rottlerin's inhibition of MrkH-mediated biofilm and capsule formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-025-04582-4},
pmid = {41455904},
issn = {1471-2180},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a notoriously aggressive opportunistic pathogen within the Enterobacteriaceae family, with virulence factors, including polysaccharide capsules, lipopolysaccharide (LP>S), siderophores, and biofilm formation, serving as essential determinants of the pathogenicity. Biofilms in particular are associated with substantial nosocomial and community-acquired illnesses; moreover, the capsule enveloping K. pneumoniae's surface further contributes to its viscous phenotype and virulence. This study explores the possible anti-virulence properties of the plant-derived compound Rottlerin using molecular docking aimed at a crucial protein implicated in biofilm formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, we investigate the molecular foundation of ligand-specific modulation of MrkH, a c-di-GMP-responsive transcriptional activator essential for biofilm development in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Utilizing a comprehensive methodology that encompasses molecular docking, dynamic modeling, and structural analysis, we evaluated the native c-di-GMP dimer-MrkH complex against the binding orientation and conformational impacts of the plant-derived chemical Rottlerin.

RESULTS: The sub-MIC of Rottlerin shows an inhibitory effect against some virulence factors, leading to a 57.6% decrease in biofilm formation, and a reduction in capsule size by 85.6% was observed; moreover, Rottlerin also significantly downregulated genes associated with these virulence factors. Through extensive molecular modeling (e.g., inverse docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and structural analysis), the c-di-GMP dimer was found to bind to rottlerin with a remarkable specificity, establishing stabilizing hydrogen bonds and distinctive π-cation interactions with Arg107 and Arg111, securing MrkH in an activation-ready configuration. Conversely, Rottlerin binds to the same pocket mainly via dual π-cation interactions with Arg107 and supplementary localized contacts; however, it is deficient in the extensive interaction network necessary for complete allosteric activation. Dynamic profiling by RMSF and PCA indicate that Rottlerin-bound MrkH exhibits an intermediate level of flexibility between the totally stable c-di-GMP-bound state and the highly dynamic apo form.

CONCLUSION: These results substantiate the function of Rottlerin as a non-activating competitive binder, providing mechanistic insight into its potential as an anti-biofilm agent and building a foundation for the rational design of small-molecule inhibitors aimed at c-di-GMP regulatory pathways. Our findings demonstrate that Rottlerin is a potent and efficient sub-MIC inhibitor of K. pneumoniae's ability to form biofilms and capsules.},
}

@article {pmid41455422,
year = {2025},
author = {Hou, G and Zhang, R and Zhao, T and Fang, M and Niu, L and Lei, Q and Li, Q and Chen, N and Tang, Z and Zhao, X and Wu, F},
title = {In situ biofilm development on microplastics and its impact on PFAS adsorption in aquatic environment.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {291},
number = {},
pages = {125240},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125240},
pmid = {41455422},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are rapidly colonized by microorganisms, leading to biofilm formation that alters their physicochemical properties and pollutant interactions. This process strongly affects the transport, transformation, and fate of coexisting contaminants, raising ecological concerns given the widespread abundance of MPs in natural waters. In this study, in situ exposure experiments were conducted in the Chishui River (Southwest China) to examine biofilm development on polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) over 60 days. Biofilm colonization significantly modified MP surface hydrophobicity, charge distribution, and functional groups, with biomass increasing by 4.40-5.70-fold. PS exhibited stronger microbial attachment and colonization, likely due to its rougher morphology and aromatic structure. Biofilm growth also enhanced the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), increasing uptake by 1.12-1.45 and 1.16-1.39 times, with maximum capacities of 1.48-3.35 µg/g and 2.00-5.36 µg/g, respectively. Mechanistic analyses indicated hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions as dominant drivers, complemented by hydrogen bonding and surface complexation. Overall, these findings provide field-based evidence that biofilm development markedly strengthens MP-pollutant interactions, underscoring the ecological risks of biofilm-mediated contaminant transport in natural waters.},
}

@article {pmid41455544,
year = {2025},
author = {Carvalho, CG and Câmara, JVF and Méndez, DAC and Schestakow, A and Cruvinel, T and Santos, PSDS},
title = {In vitro antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of polyhexamethylene biguanide under a microcosm biofilm model.},
journal = {Journal of dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106318},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106318},
pmid = {41455544},
issn = {1879-176X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) solution compared to chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on the viability and vitality of microcosm biofilm.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biofilm was produced from the saliva of 3 volunteers, under 0.2% sucrose exposure for 5 days. 180 enamel specimens were treated for 2 min with distilled water, 0.1% PHMB, 0.2% PHMB, 0.06% CHX and 0.12% CHX, once a day, for 5 days. The metabolic activity, viability of microorganisms and the vitality of biofilms were determined by resazurin, colony forming unit counts (CFU) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), respectively (immediate and mediate analysis). Statistical analysis was conducted by Kruskal Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests (α = 0.05).

RESULTS: Only CHX significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity, with 0.06% CHX showing an immediate effect and both CHX concentrations being effective in the mediate analysis. CFU analysis revealed that 0.06% CHX had the strongest immediate antimicrobial effect against Lactobacillus sp. (p = 0.0043) and Streptococcus mutans (p = 0.0159), while PHMB showed no significant reductions in viable counts. Confocal microscopy demonstrated no immediate effects on whole-biofilm vitality; however, 0.2% PHMB reduced vitality in the outer biofilm layer (p = 0.0349). PHMB further showed selective effects on biofilm structure, including an immediate reduction of β-polysaccharides (p = 0.0442) and live-cell volume (p = 0.0259), whereas CHX exerted more pronounced effects in the mediate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS: PHMB demonstrated antibiofilm activity characterized by modulation of biofilm viability and extracellular matrix components, particularly in the immediate phase.},
}

@article {pmid41455423,
year = {2025},
author = {Lin, Z and Ren, G and Guo, Y and Shen, X and Hu, Q and Zhou, S},
title = {Microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic system for degradating organic pollutants.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {291},
number = {},
pages = {125256},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125256},
pmid = {41455423},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Electron donors are the central drivers of microbial biodegradation, yet conventional sources-derived from light (photoelectrons), electrodes (bias-injected electrons), or chemical substrates (valence electrons)-are scarce in oligotrophic or lightless environments, limiting their environmental applicability. Here, we report the first microbial biofilm-based hydrovoltaic system (mBio-HS) that harnesses the hydrovoltaic effect of water evaporation to provide a sustainable electron source for pollutant degradation. The mBio-HS, constructed simply with electroactive microorganisms, continuously generates a stable electron flow (∼20 μA, ∼0.3 V) solely through the hydrovoltaic effect, without any external energy input. These water-evaporation-induced hydrovoltaic electrons (WEH-e) perform dual functions: sustaining microbial metabolism to form a self-sufficient community and directly reducing organic pollutants. Using methyl orange (MO) as a model azo dye, the system achieved efficient azo-bond cleavage and 90% decolorization within 72 h. This work not only presents the first prototype of a simple biofilm-based hydrovoltaic pollutant-degradation system, but also establishes a mechanistic foundation for harnessing the ubiquitous hydrovoltaic effect in microbial biofilms to power redox reactions-offering a practical route toward zero-energy, environmentally adaptive bioremediation.},
}

@article {pmid41455041,
year = {2025},
author = {Sarkar, P and Das, S and Bandyopadhyay, S and Gopi, P and Biswas, S and Tribedi, P and Pandya, P and Mandal, S and Bhadra, K},
title = {Beta Carboline Alkaloid Harmine as Biofilm Inhibitor: In vitro, in Silico and in Vivo Studies Suppressing Growth and Virulence-Related Factors Against Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus.},
journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41455041},
issn = {1559-0291},
support = {2025-2026//PRG University of Kalyani/ ; 2025-2026//DST PURSE/ ; },
abstract = {Screening plant-based alkaloids is one of the alternate therapeutic approaches to control antibiotic-resistant micro-pathogens. Our research highlighted beta carboline alkaloids as one of the most promising small molecules to established anti-virulent and anti-biofilm efficacy to regulate resistant bacterial infection. In vitro, in vivo assay and molecular docking were employed. Result Among six different bacterial strains, harmine showed 160 ± 2.07 µg/ml as the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), followed by harmalol (190 ± 2.46) and harmaline (270 ± 3.04) against Staphylococcus aureus 96 (SA 96). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA strain also showed inhibition of growth (MIC) by harmine, harmalol and harmaline at 250 ± 3.10, 320 ± 3.39 and 390 ± 4.90 µg/ml, respectively. MRSA is a prominent source of nosocomial infections, forming biofilms. The growth of biofilm got decreased with exposure to the sub-MIC concentrations (60, 80 and 100 µg/mL) of harmine, suppressing protein, targeting EPS and inhibiting extracellular protease. Harmine promote biofilm cell detachment by targeting cell surface hydrophobicity. Harmine causes depolarization of bacteria's cell membrane. Bacterial cell viability was further studied by propidium iodide (PI), DNA leakage and Acridine Orange (A/O)-Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) assay. Harmine treatment leads to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in biofilm cells. The binding affinities by molecular docking and dynamics indicated highest affinity with AgrC (-6.17 kcal/mol). Harmine treatment (32.0 mg/ kg bw, IP for five days) further recovered MRSA infected lungs in BALB/c mice. The findings revealed that among the three beta carboline alkaloids, harmine might be employed as a potential antibiofilm and antimicrobial agent for successful control of clinical S. aureus infection.},
}

@article {pmid41454499,
year = {2026},
author = {Guo, D and Tao, Y and Sun, L and Liu, X and Gao, Y and Jiang, P and Gao, H and Wang, B and Wang, L},
title = {Betulinic Acid Eradicates Implant-Associated Infections by Disrupting the S. aureus Biofilm Matrix and Potentiating Host Immune Clearance.},
journal = {Microbial biotechnology},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {e70293},
doi = {10.1111/1751-7915.70293},
pmid = {41454499},
issn = {1751-7915},
support = {YDZJ202401113ZYTS//Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Development Plan/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes ; Betulinic Acid ; *Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; *Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration & dosage ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mice ; *Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology ; Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects ; *Triterpenes/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are major contributors to chronic and recurrent infections due to their intrinsic tolerance to antibiotics and host immune clearance, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective antibiofilm strategies. This study evaluated the inhibitory effects and underlying mechanisms of betulinic acid (BA), the principal active constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine Liquidambaris fructus, against S. aureus biofilms. In vitro assays demonstrated that the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of BA was 32 μg/mL, which was markedly lower than its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 512 μg/mL), indicating preferential activity against biofilm formation. Serial passage experiments revealed no detectable induction of drug resistance. Mechanistic studies revealed that BA suppressed early biofilm adhesion and aggregation, downregulated the expression of adhesion-related genes (clfA, clfB, fnbpA and fnbpB), and reduced the production of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA). BA further disrupted mature biofilm architecture, promoted macrophage infiltration, enhanced bacterial clearance and attenuated the expression of immune evasion factors (scin, chip, lukE and nuc). In vivo, BA significantly alleviated implant-associated infections, mitigated local inflammatory responses and facilitated tissue repair. Collectively, these findings reveal that BA inhibits S. aureus biofilms through multiple coordinated mechanisms, with a low propensity for resistance development and favourable biosafety, supporting its potential as a promising lead compound for the development of novel antibiofilm therapeutics.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
Pentacyclic Triterpenes
Betulinic Acid
*Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/physiology
Animals
*Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/administration & dosage
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Mice
*Prosthesis-Related Infections/drug therapy/microbiology/immunology
Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
*Triterpenes/pharmacology

@article {pmid41453907,
year = {2025},
author = {Ragab, AE and Al-Madboly, LA and Al-Ashmawy, GM and Abo-Saif, MA},
title = {SIRT1 mediated autophagy enhancement by Lactobacillus fermentum derived oligosaccharides accelerates wound healing in biofilm associated infection.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-30280-2},
pmid = {41453907},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {The present study explores the structural elucidation, antimicrobial properties, and wound-healing potential of a novel oligosaccharide, OligoF, derived from Lactobacillus fermentum. Structural analysis using paper chromatography, and 1D & 2D NMR spectroscopy indicated that OligoF is a linear tetrasaccharide comprising β-D-glucose, α-L-rhamnose, and D-glucuronic acid in a defined sequence. This structural elucidation was further confirmed by key chemical shifts, coupling constants, and glycosidic linkage assignments. OligoF exhibited potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, demonstrating inhibition zones of 60-63 mm, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL, and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 32 µg/mL. Biofilm eradication assays revealed a significant reduction in biofilm viability by ~ four-fold at sub-MIC concentrations, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. OligoF-treated biofilms displayed notable disruption of extracellular matrix and severe bacterial cell distortion compared to untreated controls. In vivo wound-healing assays in rats showed that OligoF significantly reduced wound area and enhanced skin repair compared to untreated controls. Treatment with OligoF notably increased the concentration and gene expression of SIRT1 as well as upregulated the gene expression of beclin1 and ATG5 which are critical regulators of autophagy and cellular repair processes. Histopathological analysis corroborated these findings, revealing enhanced re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularized connective tissue deposition in OligoF-treated wounds. These findings underscore the potential of OligoF as a multifunctional agent with antibacterial and wound-healing properties, paving the way for its application in managing multidrug-resistant infections and promoting tissue repair.},
}

@article {pmid41453479,
year = {2025},
author = {Patil, TV and Randhawa, A and Park, H and Acharya, R and Dutta, SD and Lim, KT},
title = {Spatiotemporally activated gelatin/unzipped carbon nanotubes/chitosan-based conductive hydrogel via dual stimuli for robust methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm eradication.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {149845},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149845},
pmid = {41453479},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), pose a significant global health risk because they can form biofilms that are highly resistant to standard treatments. Even with considerable progress in antibacterial materials, reliance on passive antimicrobial agents may still lead to the emergence of resistance over time. We introduce a dual-action approach by developing a gelatin/glycerol/conductive chitosan (GGCC) hydrogel that demonstrates bactericidal properties both naturally and by external stimulation. We chemically modified chitosan with unzipped CNTs to impart conductivity (~4.2 S/m) and NIR responsiveness, then blended it with gelatin to enhance its biocompatibility and skin regeneration capabilities. The antibacterial activity was enhanced via NIR (~92.23 %) and electrical stimulation (~99.85 %). Moreover, robust biofilm was also ~100 % eliminated upon electrical stimulation. To clarify the fundamental mechanisms, we performed RNA sequencing on MRSA treated with hydrogel, with and without electrical stimulation. Pathways in oxidative stress, replication, biofilm formation, and peptidoglycan synthesis were triggered, resulting in strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties. Electrical exposure restricts bacterial adaptability, reducing the likelihood of resistance development. Our findings indicate that integrating of conductive chitosan with electrical stimulation offers a potential, resistance-resistant approach for addressing chronic bacterial infections.},
}

@article {pmid41453258,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, C and Liu, K and Wu, X and Shui, W and Luo, J and Cao, J and Xu, M and Liu, W},
title = {Mechanisms of enhanced synergistic pollution reduction and carbon fixation induced by microalgal-bacterial interactions within different biofilm structures.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {398},
number = {},
pages = {128412},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128412},
pmid = {41453258},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {Microalgae can achieve simultaneous pollutant removal and carbon fixation in wastewater treatment. However, unimicrobial algal systems face challenges of limited performance and poor biofilm adhesion. This study introduced bacteria as mediators and examined the mechanisms involved in different spatial structures of microalgal-bacterial biofilms. Results showed that, compared to the unimicrobial microalgal biofilm (UMB), the hybrid microalgal-bacterial biofilm (HMBB) and stratified microalgal-bacterial biofilm (SMBB) enhanced CO2 fixation from 20.04 % to 31.50 % and 35.30 %, respectively, with biomass increasing from 62.1 mg/g to 77.6 mg/g and 93.0 mg/g. The SMBB system exhibited the strongest enhancement, particularly in microalgal photosynthetic activity and total EPS. Protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS) concentrations reached 57.28 mg/L and 26.45 mg/L, which were 43.27 % and 17.45 % higher than those in HMBB, respectively. The increased PN improved hydrophobicity, thereby enhancing biofilm formation and biomass accumulation in the microalgal-bacterial systems, with a bacterial-to-microalgal biomass ratio of 1:1.19, compared to 1:1.01 in HMBB. The microalgal-bacterial interaction comprised: (i) microalgae facilitating the enrichment of pollutant-degrading bacteria (e.g., Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas); and bacterial modulation of algal metabolism through (ii) upregulation of key genes associated with photosynthetic carbon fixation (e.g., GOT1, 12.57-fold), (iii) stimulation of hydrophobic amino acid synthesis (e.g., ilvE, 12.56-fold), and (iv) activation of pathways related to nitrogen-phosphorus metabolism and the TCA cycle. In general, bacterial inoculation contributes three main advantages for microalgal: enhanced biofilm adhesion, increased carbon sequestration, and improved pollutant removal efficiency, and the stratified microalgal-bacterial biofilm (SMBB) provides the most pronounced improvement.},
}

@article {pmid41450940,
year = {2025},
author = {Song, J and Liu, M and Yasen, Y and Zhao, Y and Wu, Z and Zhao, J},
title = {Naringin as a non-antibiotic agent for multi-species oral biofilm control: in vitro antimicrobial mechanisms and in vivo safety in a rat caries model.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1722083},
pmid = {41450940},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of oral biofilms. Conventional antibiotics easily disrupt oral commensal balance, creating an urgent need for natural, non-antibiotic agents that can target cariogenic biofilms without causing ecological collapse.

METHODS: The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of Naringin was evaluated in vitro against planktonic and biofilm states of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguinis (mono-species), and their multi-species consortium. Minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory/reduction concentrations (MBIC/MBRC) were determined. Effects on acid production, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis, and bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite (HAP) were mechanistically investigated. In vivo, a rat caries model induced by the multi-species consortium was topically treated with Naringin (2 × MIC, MIC, 1/2 × MIC) for 4 weeks. Caries lesions were evaluated using Keyes scoring and micro-computed tomography. Oral microbiota, serum biochemistry, and histopathology were analyzed for safety assessment.

RESULTS: Naringin exhibited potent, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. MICs were 1.00 mg/mL for S. mutans and S. sanguinis, 0.50 mg/mL for S. sobrinus, and 0.50 mg/mL for the multi-species consortium. Naringin at MBIC (2 mg/mL for multi-species) significantly disrupted biofilm architecture, reduced viable bacteria, and inhibited EPS synthesis. It maintained biofilm pH above 5.5 (the critical threshold for enamel demineralization), inhibited lactate production, and reduced multi-species bacterial adhesion to HAP by 68.3% at MIC. In vivo, Naringin (MIC) significantly reduced Keyes scores on smooth and sulcal surfaces by over 60%, preserved enamel integrity, and rebalanced the oral microbiota without inducing mucosal irritation or systemic toxicity.

DISCUSSION: Naringin, a natural non-antibiotic agent, effectively inhibits the "adhesion-biofilm-acid-EPS" cascade of multi-species cariogenic biofilms. Its selective efficacy against pathogens and favorable in vivo safety profile position it as a promising ecological agent for caries prevention by addressing oral dysbiosis at its root.},
}

@article {pmid41450893,
year = {2025},
author = {Gade, N and Scholz, KJ and Kopp, L and Rosendahl, A and Buchalla, W and Wiegand, A and Lennon, ÁM},
title = {Cerium chloride pretreatment reduces initial biofilm attachment on hydroxyapatite: a scanning electron microscopy study.},
journal = {Frontiers in oral health},
volume = {6},
number = {},
pages = {1734138},
pmid = {41450893},
issn = {2673-4842},
abstract = {The incorporation of cerium instead of calcium into the crystal lattice of hydroxyapatite appears to increase the resistance of dental hard tissues to caries lesion initiation and progression. The effect on initial biofilm formation is yet unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cerium(III)chloride (50%CeCl3) pretreatment of hydroxyapatite (HA) discs on subsequent growth of an initial 3 species caries-biofilm. Twelve 9.5 mm diameter hydroxyapatite discs were divided into three groups (n = 4) and treated for 1 min with either 50% CeCl3, ultrapure water (Control), or 0.02% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and washed twice in ultrapure water for 1 min. Samples were incubated in artificial saliva (21 °C, 120 min) for pellicle formation and then placed in an active attachment caries biofilm model comprising Actinomyces naeslundii, Schaalia odontolytica, and Streptococcus mutans, cultured anaerobically at 37 °C for 4 h before being fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) in high-vacuum mode. SEM-micrographs at up to 50,000× showed net-like or spherical precipitates on the surface of all CeCl3-samples but not on the Control or CHX-samples. CeCl3-samples also showed signs of acid attack possibly due to the low pH (2.6) of the CeCl3 solution. Rods and cocci were found on all Control, but only on 2 of 4 CHX samples. On CeCl3 samples, only one harbored isolated cocci but no rods were observed. EDX-analyses confirmed the presence of Cerium in all CeCl3 samples with atomic percent (At%) ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 for areas without visible precipitates and up to 4.1 for areas with precipitates. CeCl3-treatment before pellicle formation results in the development of precipitates on the surface of HA and appears to have potential to inhibit initial biofilm growth on HA compared to CHX treated or untreated controls.},
}

@article {pmid41450570,
year = {2025},
author = {Bai, Y and Shang, Z and Hu, R and Gao, X and Zhang, Z and Li, B and Zhu, Z and Zhang, J},
title = {Study on the antibacterial effect of the new anti-biofilm inhibitor ICAC on Escherichia coli.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1710407},
pmid = {41450570},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The rise of bacteria antibiotics resistance has bacome increasingly severe, and the development of natural compounds with antibacterial activity represents a promising approach to combat this issue. The efficacy and mechanisms of the plant-derived phenolic compound isochlorogenic acid C (ICAC) as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against E. coli were investigated. The study utilized a comprehensive approach encompassing crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), the ruthenium red method, semi-solid agar motility assays, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to elucidate the inhibitory effects and their underlying mechanisms. Results revealed that ICAC exhibited significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against E. coli. The results demonstrated that ICAC could inhibit the biofilm formation of E. coli, reduce the biomass of preformed biofilms, and decrease the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular proteins, as well as bacterial motility. Moreover, qRT-PCR results showed that ICAC downregulated genes associated with c-di-GMP synthesis while upregulating those involves in c-di-GMP degradation, thereby inhibiting biofilm formation and bacterial motility. In summary, ICAC shows potential as an effective anti-c-di-GMP agent and a novel antibacterial candidate for the treatment of E. coli infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid41450474,
year = {2025},
author = {Gao, C and Fu, L and Wang, J and Chu, Y and Gao, L and Qiu, H and Chen, J},
title = {Aggregation-Induced Emission Ionic Liquids for Bacterial Imaging, Biofilm Inhibition, and Mixed Bacterial Infection Wound Healing.},
journal = {Chemical & biomedical imaging},
volume = {3},
number = {12},
pages = {837-848},
pmid = {41450474},
issn = {2832-3637},
abstract = {The excessive utilization of antibiotics escalates the susceptibility to bacterial infections in the general populace. The misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of bacterial resistance can be effectively regulated through the implementation of bacterial detection technology. Therefore, the construction of a multifunctional platform for bacterial detection and removal holds immense significance. In this research, we have effectively developed an imidazolium ionic liquid (TPE-IL) based on the tetraphenylethylene (TPE) structure with aggregation-induced emission (AIE), enabling effective bacterial imaging, biofilm inhibition, and mixed bacterial infection wound healing. TPE-IL effectively targets and penetrates bacterial surfaces via the electrostatic interactions of its imidazole groups and the hydrophobic interactions of its alkyl chains. This dual-action mechanism not only enhances fluorescence emission from the bacterial surface, enabling precise bacterial imaging, but also exhibits significant bactericidal activity. TPE-IL revealed superior antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The in vitro anti-biofilm experiments demonstrated that TPE-IL exhibited remarkable inhibitory effects on biofilms formed by S. aureus and E. coli. The in vivo antibacterial experiments confirmed the potent in vivo bactericidal activity of TPE-IL, which significantly reduced inflammatory responses, enhanced collagen deposition, and promoted wound healing without inducing organ damage in mice. Moreover, TPE-IL displayed low cytotoxicity and hemolysis rate. This work has successfully developed a safe and effective platform for bacterial identification and antimicrobial treatment, thereby offering significant implications in addressing the challenges associated with antibiotic resistance and misuse.},
}

@article {pmid41450433,
year = {2025},
author = {Qi, P and Liu, H and Li, Y and Tang, D and Shao, L and Wang, J and Zhu, Q and Jiang, T and Li, L and Jiang, S and Wu, F and Guo, Y and Liu, Y and Shi, L and Wang, Y and Sun, J},
title = {Discovering a green pesticide candidate for controlling bacterial plant disease: 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline as a potential biofilm inhibitor.},
journal = {RSC advances},
volume = {15},
number = {59},
pages = {51110-51119},
pmid = {41450433},
issn = {2046-2069},
abstract = {Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae, result in rice bacterial blight, is the most severe bacterial disease affecting rice, and in certain regions, it is considered the most critical disease overall, with the potential to reduce yields by as much as 50%. It is difficult to control rice bacterial blight and lacking of pesticides. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline (THC) and their analogues show a diverse range of activities; however, research specifically focusing on THC remains limited, particularly concerning its antibacterial properties. Given its promising characteristics, THC holds potential for development as an environmentally friendly green pesticide. These outcomes reveal that THC signally inhibits both the cell growth and biofilm formation, thereby reducing its pathogenicity. Consequently, THC holds promise as a novel green pesticide aimed at targeting bacterial biofilms to effectively manage rice bacterial leaf blight.},
}

@article {pmid41449099,
year = {2025},
author = {Nagai de Lima, PM and Abbasi, A and LaMastro, V and Campos Junqueira, J and Shukla, A},
title = {Methylene Blue-Loaded Liposomal Nanocarriers Enhance the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy against Candida auris Biofilm.},
journal = {ACS infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsinfecdis.5c00941},
pmid = {41449099},
issn = {2373-8227},
abstract = {Candida auris poses a significant healthcare challenge, particularly within immunosuppressed patients. This pathogen can colonize the skin and develop biofilms associated with increased antifungal drug resistance that are difficult to treat with a limited antifungal repertoire. Some adjuvant treatments have been investigated, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which employs a photosensitizer (PS) irradiated by light. However, most PSs available suffer from poor biofilm penetration. In this in vitro study, a nanocarrier system was proposed as a possible strategy to facilitate the methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer penetration into biofilm and improve PDT action against C. auris. For this, positively (MB-P) and negatively (MB-N) charged liposomes encapsulating MB were successfully fabricated. In the PDT results, both liposome formulations eradicated planktonic cells of C. auris at minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) equivalent to those of free MB. MB-loaded liposomes showed enhanced penetration within biofilms and reduced C. auris biofilm burden ∼2× more compared to free MB. Additionally, biofilm biomass was reduced up to 37% with MB-loaded liposomes, while free MB only achieved ∼3% reduction. Furthermore, PDT mediated by MB-P or MB-N led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 2× higher than free MB, leading to greater oxidative damage toward C. auris biofilms. Finally, the biocompatibility of MB-loaded liposomes was examined against mammalian fibroblasts; MB-loaded liposomes maintained ∼80% cell viability compared to ∼58% viability for free MB. Promisingly, MB-P and MB-N liposomes were able to enhance the in vitro activity of PDT on C. auris biofilms, inciting the development of in vivo studies to validate their efficacy and safety.},
}

@article {pmid41448787,
year = {2025},
author = {Qi, X and Huo, P and Gu, Y and Liu, P and Jiang, Y and Huang, X and Liang, P},
title = {Role of Extracellular Electrical Signal Transfer on Sensitivity in Electrochemically Active Biofilm Sensors for Signaling Water Acute-Toxicity Exposure.},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c06392},
pmid = {41448787},
issn = {1520-5851},
abstract = {Electrochemically active biofilm (EAB) sensors have been widely used for real-time monitoring of water biotoxicity. Although extracellular electron transfer (EET) drives the electrical signal output of EAB sensors, its relationship with sensitivity is poorly understood. This raises two critical questions: (1) Do toxicants affect EET performance? (2) What is the relationship between EET performance and sensitivity. Herein, we employed a double-electrode-controlled electrochemical gating method (EGM) to evaluate the effects of different toxicants on EET performance across multiple biological scales, ranging from mixed- and purified-species biofilms to isolated OmcA proteins. Results indicated that five representative toxicants (0.02% formaldehyde, 5 mg/L NO2[-], 5 mg/L tobramycin, 5 mg/L Cu[2+], and 5 mg/L SDS) rarely impacted EET performance directly. On this basis, we probed the link between EET performance and sensitivity using riboflavin (RF) and anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate (AQDS). After a 30 min toxicity exposure, the inhibition ratios were ranked as follows: AQDS-EABs > Control > RF-EABs. Although RF observably reduced the resistance, the high capacitance weakened the sensitivity. It is suggested that reducing resistance alone could not result in a higher sensitivity, and capacitance effects cannot be overlooked through modeling and electrochemical analysis. This study, therefore, proposes the time constant as a suitable metric for evaluating the relationship between the EET performance and sensitivity.},
}

@article {pmid41448015,
year = {2025},
author = {Amirfard, KD and Amarasiri, M and Sano, D},
title = {Energy allocation trade-offs among conjugative transfer, biofilm formation, and heavy metal resistance: a dynamic energy budget theory perspective.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {291},
number = {},
pages = {125216},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2025.125216},
pmid = {41448015},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {Plasmid-mediated bacterial conjugation is a significant driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) dissemination in the environment, particularly within surface-attached biofilms, where spatial proximity facilitates gene exchange. Environmental stressors, such as heavy metals, can influence both the structural development of biofilms and the frequency of conjugation, imposing metabolic burdens that force bacteria to reprioritize their energy use. In this study, we used a simplified Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB)-based modeling framework to evaluate energy allocation in a single-strain bacterial population exposed to varying concentrations of zinc oxide (ZnO; 0-0.1 g/L). The model incorporates substrate assimilation, reserve dynamics, and energy partitioning toward growth, maintenance, metal resistance, biofilm formation, and conjugation. Experimental data were collected every 12 h for 48 h, including total organic carbon (TOC, mg/L), biomass (CFU/mL), intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP, mol/mL), conjugation frequency (transconjugants/donor), and biofilm density (OD550). Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)-based simulations over 60 h showed that at 0.1 g/L ZnO, reserve energy and substrate declined approximately 3.1- and 1.9-fold, respectively (vs around 5- and 2.9-fold in control), indicating reduced depletion. Discrete-time-point flux models revealed conjugation demanded 17% of total energy at 36 h under 0.01 g/L ZnO, and 10% under 0.1 g/L at 60 h, while energy allocated to biofilm formation remained ≤ 3% under the highest ZnO concentration. Overall, the model reveals key trade-offs in bacterial energy allocation and provides mechanistic insight into how metal stress may shape biofilm formation and conjugation dynamics. Its modular and data-driven structure offers a basis for understanding microbial adaptation and AMR propagation in metal-contaminated environments.},
}

@article {pmid41447550,
year = {2025},
author = {Sarwar, W and Iqbal, I and Ali, Q and Ahmed, B and Ahmed, S},
title = {Prospecting the Antibiofilm Potential of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Fungal Endophyte Cephalotheca foveolata (N11) Against Biofilm-Forming Bacteria.},
journal = {Microscopy research and technique},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jemt.70113},
pmid = {41447550},
issn = {1097-0029},
abstract = {Biofilms are found in diverse environmental settings and are considered to be responsible for various recalcitrant infections. One characteristic feature of biofilms is resistance to antibiotics, which is the leading cause of recurrent infections and treatment failure. Eradicating the biofilms necessitates the need for agents with promising anti-biofilm potentials. In the present study, the secondary metabolites of the fungal endophyte Cephalotheca foveolata (N11) isolated from the woody tissues of the medicinal plant Teucrium stocksianum were investigated for their antibiofilm potential against the test organisms. For evaluating the antibiofilm activities, in vitro assays including biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were employed. The bioactive metabolites of the N11 strain exhibited the highest biofilm inhibition and eradication potential of 87.62% and 79.22% respectively against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results were further validated by light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscope which revealed considerable distortion of the biofilm architecture by test agents. Besides, the effect of secondary metabolites on biofilms of test strain was also observed using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of treated biofilms exhibited a significant reduction in the intensities of the peaks indicating the denaturation and conformational changes in biomolecules. Furthermore, the partial purification of antibiofilm metabolites of N11 was carried out using solvent extraction following TLC and silica column with further characterization done using FTIR. These findings highlight the remarkable potential of bioactive secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi associated with T. stocksianum in disrupting the biofilms thus suggesting that these metabolites can be exploited for manufacturing effective agents against biofilm-associated complications.},
}

@article {pmid41446096,
year = {2025},
author = {Pauer, H and Nasiri, S and Magalhães, NS and Nguyen, VT and Ferreira, NV and Silva Ferreira, LD and Bradshaw, AB and Kirby, KE and Sabapathy, T and Udensi, CG and Feofanova, V and Moreira, DA and Parente, TE and Wilde, J and Pride, DT and Allen-Vercoe, E and Antunes, LCM},
title = {Enterocloster citroniae and related gut microbiome species modulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation through the production of bioactive small molecules.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.15.694346},
pmid = {41446096},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Cholera is a diarrheal disease that affects millions of people globally. Although the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae , has been extensively studied in isolation, investigation of its interactions with the gut microbiota started relatively recently. We and others previously showed that microbiota-derived metabolites significantly influence V. cholerae behavior. By investigating how an organic extract of human feces affects V. cholerae gene expression, we showed that gut metabolites strongly suppress swimming motility, a trait important for host colonization. Interestingly, extracts of pure cultures of a gut commensal, Enterocloster citroniae , recapitulated this inhibition. Here, we present a comprehensive examination of the effect of small molecules produced by E. citroniae and related species on V. cholerae behavior. We show that E. citroniae small molecules inhibit motility by various V. cholerae strains, and that several phylogenetically related species produce this activity, although the magnitude of the effect varies between strains. Using biofilm formation assays in static and flow conditions, we show that V. cholerae strongly induces biofilm formation in response to E. citroniae metabolites. Transcriptome and reporter analyses showed that several genes involved in synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide are induced by E. citroniae metabolites. Lastly, we show that V. cholerae interactions with host cells are also modulated by this commensal. These findings advance our understanding of microbiome-pathogen interactions and how commensal bacteria influence V. cholerae virulence through the production of small molecules. In the future, this knowledge may be used to design novel microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to combat cholera and other infections.

IMPORTANCE: The human gut is home to a dense and rich community of microbes termed microbiota. This community has critical functions for host health, including protection against enteric pathogens. Despite this important role, we have only recently scratched the surface of the interactions that occur between members of the microbiota and pathogenic invaders. Cholerae is a disease that still causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studying how the causative agent, Vibrio cholerae , interacts with the microbiota will have implications not only for our understanding of this important microbial community, but may also lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies against cholera and potentially other infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41446090,
year = {2025},
author = {Lane, JR and Mauser, H and Santana-Krímskaya, SE and Konda, VS and DePass, A and Ercoli, G and Prokopczuk, FI and Mohasin, M and D'Mello, A and Tettelin, H and Brown, JS and Reyes, LF and Orihuela, CJ},
title = {Biofilm formation during pneumococcal carriage imprints naturally acquired humoral immunity.},
journal = {bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.64898/2025.12.17.694863},
pmid = {41446090},
issn = {2692-8205},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) colonization of the nasopharynx is a prerequisite for transmission and invasive disease. To investigate how repeated asymptomatic colonization shapes immunity and influences bacterial traits, we developed the Repeated Asymptomatic Murine Pneumococcal Colonization (RAMPC3) model using strains belonging to serotypes: 2 (D39), 3 (WU2), and 4 (TIGR4). Sequential colonization revealed strain- and exposure-order-dependent effects on bacterial burden, with initial colonization yielding robust carriage and subsequent exposures resulting in diminished burden and rapid clearance. Humoral profiling demonstrated antigenic imprinting: the first colonizing strain largely determined IgG and IgA specificity, with minimal diversification after repeated exposures. Reactivity was strongest for biofilm-associated antigens correlating with each strain's biofilm-forming capacity. Using TIGR4 mutants deficient in biofilm formation, we confirmed that in vivo aggregate formation drives humoral responses. Human sera from naturally colonized adults mirrored these findings, favoring biofilm antigens independent from capsule. Protection was demonstrated as triple-colonized mice exhibited reduced mortality and bacteremia following pneumococcal pneumonia challenge. Moreover, the initial colonizing strain influenced protection against heterologous infection, underscoring the lasting imprint of the biofilm phenotype on immunity. Finally, IgA responses in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue paralleled serum IgA patterns, validating systemic measurements as a proxy for mucosal immunity. Collectively, these results reveal that biofilm formation during colonization is a key determinant of humoral immunity and protection, providing insight into pneumococcal biology and informing strategies to design next-generation interventions.

AUTHOR SUMMARY: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a leading cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, yet its primary lifestyle is asymptomatic colonization of the nasopharynx. Understanding how colonization shapes immunity and bacterial physiology is critical for predicting disease risk and improving future vaccines. Using a novel murine model of repeated colonization and human sera from naturally colonized adults, we show that humoral immunity is strongly biased toward antigens expressed during biofilm growth, the predominant mode of Spn in the nasopharynx, rather than planktonic forms. This response is strain-dependent and imprinted by the first colonizing strain, influencing subsequent exposures and protection against pneumonia. Importantly, biofilm formation, not capsule, drives immune recognition revealing a key link between bacterial physiology and host immunity. These findings provide fundamental insight into pneumococcal biology and the host response, suggesting that targeting biofilm-associated antigens may improve vaccine design or strategies to prevent transmission and invasive disease.},
}

@article {pmid41445955,
year = {2025},
author = {Palma, F and Díaz-Navarro, M and Visedo, A and Sanz-Ruíz, P and Brandi, G and Schiavano, GF and Guembe, M},
title = {Correction: Assessment of the anti-biofilm effect of UV-C irradiation (254 nm) against healthcare associated infections related microorganisms.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1741013},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2025.1741013},
pmid = {41445955},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1570334.].},
}

@article {pmid41444235,
year = {2025},
author = {Valdivia, C and Domingo-Calap, P},
title = {Directed evolution of a staphylophage under biofilm and planktonic conditions.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-025-00893-6},
pmid = {41444235},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {CIACIF/2023/126//GVA predoctoral fellowship/ ; RYC2019-028015-I//Ramón y Cajal contract (Spanish Ministry of Research and Innovation)/ ; },
abstract = {The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly biofilm-forming pathogens such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, highlights the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy, which uses phages to selectively infect and lyse bacterial cells, offers a promising solution. In this study, we evolved the lytic phage vB_Sep_Steph1 under both biofilm and planktonic conditions, using varying initial phage inoculum titers. Whole-genome sequencing of evolved populations revealed recurrent condition-dependent mutations in holins and structural genes with putative depolymerase activity-critical for host recognition and biofilm degradation. Phenotypic improvements in traits such as antibacterial efficacy and replicative fitness were observed to be highly dependent on both the presence of biofilm and the initial phage titer during evolution. Furthermore, some evolved phage lineages could delay bacterial resistance better than the ancestral strain. These findings support the utility of directed phage evolution to improve therapeutic efficacy and robustness, particularly against biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid41443562,
year = {2025},
author = {Leng, J and Yang, W and Yao, Q and Zhu, D and Zhou, C and Xu, T and Niu, H and Yang, P and Liu, D and Chen, Y and Ying, H},
title = {Escherichia coli immobilized fermentation for continuous 3-fucosyllactose production via manipulating biofilm formation.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133857},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133857},
pmid = {41443562},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), a representative human milk oligosaccharide, is witnessing rapidly increasing demand. Establishing an immobilized fermentation system using microbial cell factories presents a promising strategy for continuous 3-FL production. In this study, the effects of nine biofilm-related genes on biofilm-forming capacity and 3-FL synthesis in Escherichia coli were systematically evaluated. Among them, pslA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa driven by a constitutive promoter demonstrated the best performance. Subsequently, the strategy of "prioritizing biofilm formation, following product synthesis" was implemented to develop an E. coli biofilm-based immobilized fermentation based on cotton fiber. In repeated-batch fermentation, BZJP05-JpslA exhibited higher cell density, improved cellular viability, and a 38.4% increase in average 3-FL yield. Furthermore, transcriptional level analysis revealed that pslA overexpression promoted glycerol metabolism, TCA cycle, fluxes toward 3-FL biosynthesis pathway, and expression of key genes involved in stress response. These findings provide an effective strategy and mechanism insights for optimizing E. coli cell-factory platforms.},
}

@article {pmid41443424,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Y and Chen, Z and Xia, T and Ding, Y and Xie, Y and Miao, L and Xu, Z and Deng, X and Ma, LZ and Yan, A},
title = {Temperature downshifts induce biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the SiaABCD signal and functional module.},
journal = {The Journal of biological chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {111086},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111086},
pmid = {41443424},
issn = {1083-351X},
abstract = {Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a highly adaptable Gram-negative pathogen known for its remarkable ability of forming biofilms. Understanding the environmental cues and regulatory mechanisms that drive biofilm formation is essential for developing effective control strategies. In this study, we screened 57 clinical and environmental P. aeruginosa isolates and discovered that a universal environmental cue, temperature downshift from host-associated 37°C to room temperature (21°C), significantly promotes biofilm formation in 63% of strains. Using the ATCC 27853 strain as a model, we demonstrate that this enhancement results from increased production of the Psl exopolysaccharides at lower temperature. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed elevated levels of the secondary messenger c-di-GMP, a key regulator of the motile-to-sessile transition, at room temperature. Through screening a mutant library targeting 18 c-di-GMP metabolic enzymes, we identified the diguanylate cyclase SiaD within the SiaABCD signaling and functional module as a principal driver of c-di-GMP elevation and biofilm promotion. Further investigation showed that the entire SiaABCD module, especially the signal-sensing domain of SiaA, mediates the temperature-dependent response. Integrating lipidomics with genetics and physiological assays, we show that a temperature downshift triggers rapid membrane perturbations that activate the SiaABCD signaling module, thereby increasing Psl production to strengthen surface adhesion and drive robust biofilm formation. These findings establish temperature downshift as a previously unrecognized physiological cue that promotes biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa, and define an adaptive regulatory pathway linking specific environmental stresses of membrane perturbation to dedicated c-di-GMP signaling module, paving the way for new strategies to disrupt biofilm-associated infections and transmission.},
}

@article {pmid41443282,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, Y and Ye, S and Deng, Y and Huang, Y and Zhu, X},
title = {Zinc deficiency reverses biofilm azole resistance in Candida albicans.},
journal = {International journal of antimicrobial agents},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107695},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107695},
pmid = {41443282},
issn = {1872-7913},
abstract = {Biofilm formation is one of the causes of azole resistance in Candida albicans. Although zinc is an essential trace element involved in biofilm regulation, its specific mechanistic role remains unclear. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects and mechanisms of zinc deficiency on biofilm formation and drug resistance. Intracellular zinc deficiency was induced using the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) and a CSR1 knockout strain, as confirmed using zinquin fluorescence. Biofilm formation and susceptibility were assessed using standardized microdilution techniques, including sessile minimum inhibitory concentration (sMIC) determinations via the XTT reduction assay, while drug interactions were assessed using a checkerboard assay. Efflux pump activity was measured using a Rhodamine 6G assay, and transcriptomic analysis was performed to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Pathogenicity was validated using a Galleria mellonella infection model. The results show that zinc deficiency inhibited biofilm development at all stages. Low-concentration TPEN (5µM) reduced the sMIC of fluconazole by more than 16-fold and ultimately reversed its azole resistance. This effect was mechanistically associated with the downregulation of key biofilm-related transcription factors and multidrug efflux pumps, as revealed by transcriptomic analysis, which also indicated that zinc deficiency triggered ribosomal remodeling and activated glucose metabolism. Survival analysis in the G. mellonella infection model confirmed that zinc deficiency reduced the overall pathogenicity of C. albicans biofilms. These results validate zinc homeostasis as a novel therapeutic strategy against drug-resistant and recurrent fungal infections, especially those involving biofilms.},
}

@article {pmid41443046,
year = {2025},
author = {Lee, JR and Lee, JK and Meirambek, S and Lee, M and Jang, MK and Park, SC},
title = {Structure-driven enhancement of anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities of chimeric antimicrobial peptides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.},
journal = {Biochemical and biophysical research communications},
volume = {797},
number = {},
pages = {153180},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.153180},
pmid = {41443046},
issn = {1090-2104},
abstract = {The emergence of antibiotic resistance, biofilm-associated persistence, and dysregulated inflammatory responses presents a major challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections. Here, we investigated a chimeric antimicrobial peptide, HnMc, and its structurally modified analogues (HnMc-W, HnMc-WP1, and HnMc-WP2) to evaluate their antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-inflammatory activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While all peptides effectively inhibited planktonic bacterial growth, HnMc-WP1 and HnMc-WP2 showed pronounced suppression of biofilm formation and significant reduction of established biofilms. Notably, these peptides exhibited minimal cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells and strongly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses through enhanced LPS-binding capacity. These findings demonstrate that structure-driven modification of chimeric antimicrobial peptides enables simultaneous regulation of bacterial persistence and host inflammatory responses, providing a rational strategy for multifunctional peptide design.},
}

@article {pmid41440315,
year = {2025},
author = {Karched, M and Alkandari, S},
title = {Differential Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Granulicatella adiacens in Biofilm vs. Planktonic Lifestyle.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/dj13120557},
pmid = {41440315},
issn = {2304-6767},
support = {DB01/19//Kuwait University/ ; },
abstract = {Background: Gram-positive bacteria, once considered incapable of producing extracellular vesicles (EVs) due to their thick peptidoglycan layer, are now known to secrete EVs that transport virulence factors and modulate host immunity. These EVs contribute to bacterial pathogenicity by facilitating biofilm formation, immune evasion, and inflammation. Granulicatella adiacens, an oral commensal associated with infective endocarditis, represents a clinically relevant model to study EV-mediated virulence. Objectives: This study's aim was to investigate whether the proteomic composition and immunomodulatory activity of G. adiacens EVs differ between biofilm and planktonic lifestyles, thereby contributing to distinct pathogenic behaviours. Methods: EVs isolated from G. adiacens CCUG 27809 cultures were characterized using nano LC-ESI-MS/MS, followed by comprehensive bioinformatic and cytokine assays. Results: Quantitative proteomic profiling identified 1017 proteins, revealing distinct signatures between biofilm- and planktonic-derived EVs. Principal component analysis showed clear segregation between the two states, with biofilm EVs enriched in proteins linked to stress adaptation, adhesion, and structural integrity, while planktonic EVs exhibited growth- and metabolism-related proteins. A total of 114 virulence-associated proteins were identified, including several novel candidates. Functionally, EVs from both conditions significantly induced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05), whereas IL-17 remained unchanged. Conclusions:G. adiacens EVs exhibit lifestyle-dependent proteomic and immunomodulatory differences, underscoring their role in host-pathogen interactions and endocardial infection. These findings provide a foundation for future mechanistic and in vivo studies exploring EV-mediated virulence and potential therapeutic modulation.},
}

@article {pmid41439425,
year = {2025},
author = {Meliefste, HM and Mudde, SE and Ammerman, NC and Bexkens, ML and de Vogel, CP and van Wamel, WJB and de Steenwinkel, JEM and Bax, HI},
title = {Towards enhanced translational value: preclinical drug activity testing against actively multiplying, nutrient-starved and pellicle biofilm-embedded Mycobacterium abscessus.},
journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/jac/dkaf468},
pmid = {41439425},
issn = {1460-2091},
support = {//Erasmus MC2/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mycobacterium abscessus can cause severe infections in at-risk patients. Treatment efficacy for M. abscessus infections remains low, and better treatment options are needed. Factors hampering antibiotic potency may include the ability of M. abscessus to form biofilms and to endure in nutrient-deprived environments. These factors are underrepresented in current preclinical drug activity assays. Diversifying preclinical models by incorporating characteristics of these harsh environments may be important to better predict drug efficacy in patients. We aimed to develop a novel tool for studying drug activity against biofilm-embedded M. abscessus. In addition, drug activity was assessed against actively multiplying and nutrient-starved M. abscessus.

METHODS: An in-house 3D-printed platform-disc-based biofilm model was developed to study M. abscessus pellicle biofilms. In vitro activity of 16× the MICs of amikacin, bedaquiline, clofazimine, imipenem, rifabutin and tigecycline was assessed using time-kill kinetics assays.

RESULTS: The platform-disc-based model established reliable and reproducible quantification of M. abscessus biofilms. Drug activity against biofilm-embedded and nutrient-starved M. abscessus seemed less pronounced than against actively multiplying mycobacteria. For biofilm-embedded M. abscessus, drug activity was dependent on the developmental stage of the biofilm.

CONCLUSIONS: The varying levels of drug activity observed across the different M. abscessus populations highlight their distinct physiological relevance. As such, the platform-disc-based biofilm model could serve as a valuable asset in preclinical drug activity assays for M. abscessus.},
}

@article {pmid41438437,
year = {2025},
author = {Kini, S and Shetty, KH and Ballal, NV and Bhat, KG and Ingalagi, P},
title = {Evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of different antimicrobial peptides on multispecies biofilm of endodontic pathogens.},
journal = {Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics},
volume = {28},
number = {12},
pages = {1215-1221},
pmid = {41438437},
issn = {2950-4708},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Assessing and evaluating the function and activity of different types of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in suppressing multispecies endodontic pathogens is necessary.

AIM: The study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficiency of gramicidin S, D-cateslytin (D-Ctl), GH-12, and DJK-5 AMPs on multispecies biofilm formed by endodontic pathogens.

METHODOLOGY: Multispecies biofilm comprising Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Streptococcus mutans were formed on 80 hydroxyapatite disk samples. Sixteen samples were allocated for each peptide in the experimental group (n = 16) and eight samples each for the control group, 2% sodium hypochlorite (positive control) and normal saline (negative control). The total number of colony forming units (CFUs) and biofilm intensity to fluorochrome in each study group were measured using the culture method and dual stain fluorescence microscopy method. The differences across groups were compared using Tukey's multiple comparisons test and one-way analysis of variance (α =0.05).

RESULTS: DJK-5 (CFU = 110/ml), gramicidin (CFU = 110/ml), and D-Ctl (CFU = 60/ml) peptides showed statistically significant correlation with respect to CFUs and similar antibiofilm activity (P < 0.01), whereas GH-12 (CFU = 90/ml) peptide revealed differences that were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: DJK-5, gramicidin S, and D-Ctl peptides demonstrated remarkable efficacy against multispecies oral biofilms of S. mutans, L. salivarius, A. naeslundii, and E. faecalis. Saline showed least antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) showed strongest difference when compared to peptides or saline, validating it as a potent control. Hence, these peptides can be employed as potential antibiofilm agents in endodontic treatment procedures for better outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41437712,
year = {2025},
author = {Reyes-Pavón, D and Jiménez, M and Rodríguez-Campos, A and Cervantes-García, D and Córdova-Dávalos, LE and Deschamps, J and Briandet, R and Bermúdez-Humarán, LG and Salinas, E},
title = {Impact of glycomacropeptide on growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG.},
journal = {Natural product research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.1080/14786419.2025.2596359},
pmid = {41437712},
issn = {1478-6427},
abstract = {Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-derived bioactive peptide with demonstrated prebiotic properties. It is composed of a 64-amino acid framework and different carbohydrate molecules, which may serve as carbon sources for beneficial bacteria. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is a widely used probiotic strain that promotes intestinal barrier function, prevents pathogen colonisation and exerts anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we explored the effect of GMP supplementation to LGG cultures on growth, adhesion and biofilm-forming properties of the bacterium. Prebiotic GMP promoted LGG growth and acidifying activities, mainly under anaerobiosis, without modifying the binding-mucus ability. GMP supplementation also increased LGG-biofilm biomass 3.8- and 3.4-fold under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Besides, GMP treatment increased LGG-biofilm volume 4.7-fold, thickness by 39% and roughness by 110%. Thus, incorporating GMP into food or nutraceutical formulations might represent a viable strategy to enhance the probiotic efficacy of LGG strain, potentially improving its performance in functional products.},
}

@article {pmid41437482,
year = {2025},
author = {Karim, MA and KianvashRad, N and Cabo, M and Adegoke, SC and Tuffour, K and Duah, R and Yawlui, ISY and Lajeunesse, D},
title = {Cell Adhesion and Biofilm Development via Force-Sensitive Mechanisms: A Perspective.},
journal = {ACS biomaterials science & engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01755},
pmid = {41437482},
issn = {2373-9878},
abstract = {Microorganisms live in environments where mechanical forces, such as fluid shear, surface tension, or pressure, shape their adhesion, biofilm formation, and maturation strategies. Microbes employ force-sensitive molecular switches embedded in surface appendages like flagella, pili, and adhesins like ALS1p or FLO11p to interpret mechanical cues. These mechanical cues trigger chemosensation or generate conformational changes in mechanosensors, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades and modulating gene expression. Ultimately, these mechanical stimuli affect microbial adhesion to surfaces, biofilm resilience, and architecture, often enhancing pathogenicity and virulence. Yet, the mechanobiological basis of these events remains underexplored. In this perspective, we discuss how bacterial and fungal systems use mechanosensation to navigate complex surfaces, underscore the challenges in monitoring real-time molecular responses to force, and explore emerging tools to reveal force-driven molecular dynamics. We highlight insights for synthetic microbiologists, materials scientists, and biomedical engineers into microbial mechanosensation and its translational potential, guiding the development of next-generation antimicrobial strategies to prevent and disrupt persistent biofilms in clinical and industrial settings.},
}

@article {pmid41436949,
year = {2025},
author = {Gholami Aghamahali, R and Pahlavanian, M and Goli, HR},
title = {Prevalence of quorum-sensing genes (lasI, lasR, RhlI and rhlR) in biofilm-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Northern Iran.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12879-025-12406-z},
pmid = {41436949},
issn = {1471-2334},
}

@article {pmid41435919,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Z and Hu, W and Xu, T and Zhao, B and Song, J and Wang, L},
title = {Performance of combined membrane-aerated biofilm reactor denitrifying phosphorus removal-anammox process for nutrient removal from low carbon/nitrogen ratio wastewater.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {133858},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133858},
pmid = {41435919},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {This study developed a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor denitrifying phosphorus removal-anammox (MABRDPR-anammox) process to address carbon limitations in low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio wastewater treatment. At a C/N ratio of 2, the system achieved high removal efficiencies: 95.6 ± 2.3 % for ammonia nitrogen (NH4[+]-N), 91.7 ± 3.9 % for total nitrogen (TN), and 75.0 ± 6.9 % for total phosphorus (TP). Compared to the conventional anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, energy consumption decreased by 41.5 %, while NH4[+]-N, TN, and TP removal increased by 20 %, 30 %, and 13 %, respectively. Microbial analysis revealed that biofilm primarily drove nitrification, whereas activated sludge dominated denitrification (denitrifying bacteria abundance: 6.83 %) and phosphorus removal (denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms' abundance: 12.87 %). Functional gene profiling confirmed distinct distributions of nitrification (amoA/B/C) and denitrification (narG/H) genes between biofilm and sludge. Thus, the MABRDPR-anammox system offers an efficient, energy-saving, and practical solution for low C/N wastewater treatment.},
}

@article {pmid41435581,
year = {2025},
author = {Krantz, RT and Nguyen, JB and Renyer, KM and Chiarelli, MP and Hoellein, TJ and Kelly, JJ},
title = {Adsorption of the antimicrobial triclosan to microplastics impacts biofilm and planktonic microbial communities in freshwater.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {1012},
number = {},
pages = {181179},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181179},
pmid = {41435581},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants in freshwater ecosystems that could be hotspots for the interaction of antimicrobial compounds and surface-attached microbial biofilm communities. MPs and antimicrobials are both common in wastewater and urban freshwaters and MPs can adsorb contaminants like antimicrobials to their surface. Within aquatic habitats, MPs also support colonization by microbial biofilms. Therefore, we hypothesized that the adsorption of antimicrobials to MP surfaces would affect microbial communities colonizing MPs, altering their diversity, composition, and antimicrobial resistance. Using a microcosm approach, we assessed the potential for MP fibers to adsorb the common antimicrobial compound triclosan and alter bacterial and algal communities in MP-associated biofilms and in the surrounding water. We exposed acrylic, nylon, and polyester MP fibers to triclosan and measured its adsorption to each, finding that polyester adsorbed the most triclosan (3674 μg g[-1]) and nylon the least (217 μg g[-1]). Microcosms containing triclosan-exposed or control fibers of each polymer type were incubated in the lab with water from the Chicago River for 30 days. Analysis of MP-attached and planktonic bacterial and algal communities via high-throughput amplicon sequencing determined that exposure to triclosan significantly changed the taxonomic composition of these communities. These results suggest that widespread MP and triclosan contamination could potentially alter bacterial and algal communities in freshwater habitats. We also used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to measure the abundance of the class 1 integrase gene intI1 as a proxy for the impact of triclosan on resistance, finding no significant difference in intI1 abundance according to triclosan exposure.},
}

@article {pmid41432965,
year = {2025},
author = {Strompfová, V and Štempelová, L and Bujňáková, D and Karahutová, L and Gondoľová, D and Nagyová, M and Siegfried, L},
title = {Characterization of Staphylococci colonizing healthy equine skin: antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and biofilm formation.},
journal = {Veterinary research communications},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {83},
pmid = {41432965},
issn = {1573-7446},
mesh = {Animals ; Horses/microbiology ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism ; *Skin/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary ; },
abstract = {In order to develop non-antibiotic therapies to treat dermatological diseases it is urgent to spread knowledge on composition and properties of skin bacteria in healthy animals. Since horses are popular companions of humans, it is necessary to know what risk skin bacteria pose to humans. Therefore the aim of this work was to analyse species composition of staphylococci isolated from skin swabs of 50 healthy horses using MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight) spectrometry and to characterize their virulence properties. Swabs were collected from five body areas (neck, dorsal back, abdomen, pastern and muzzle). Among 19 different staphylococcal species identified, the most common species were Staphylococcus succinus, S. xylosus, S. vitulinus and S. warneri. The most frequent antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcal isolates was observed for penicillin G (48%). The blaZ gene was detected in 90% of penicillin resistant isolates while mecA and mecC genes were not observed. Only low level resistance was noted for erythromycin (12%), tetracycline (6%), linezolid (4%) and oxacillin (4%). No multidrug-resistant strain was found, the MAR (multiple antibiotic resistant) index in average was 0.048 ± 0.039. Biofilm production was observed in 90.1% of isolates whereas 62% of them showed strong production. Gelatinase, DNase, protease and lipase activity was found in 50.4%, 41.3%, 22.3% and 46.3% of isolates, respectively. The results of enzyme activities testing using API ZYM kits (BioMérieux) revealed common production of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase lipase and napthtol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase. The caution when interacting with horses is important especially in the case of injury since their staphylococci showed many virulent characteristics however they were not multi-resistant.},
}

Animals
Horses/microbiology
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Staphylococcus/drug effects/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity
*Virulence Factors/genetics/metabolism
*Skin/microbiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/veterinary

@article {pmid41432158,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohamed, MF and Abdelmegeed, SM and Abdelsattar, AS and Abouelkhair, AA and Abutaleb, NS and Seleem, MN},
title = {Dronedarone synergizes with colistin against planktonic and biofilm forms of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0300625},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03006-25},
pmid = {41432158},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {Infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens (MDR-GNP) are associated with high mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. The treatment of these infections is complicated by the scarcity of new antibiotics and rising resistance to existing drugs. Colistin is often considered a last-resort therapy for MDR-GNP, but its clinical use is limited by significant nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. These challenges highlight the need for alternative strategies to enhance the effectiveness of current antibiotics. One promising approach is the use of combination therapy, which can potentiate antimicrobial activity while mitigating toxicity. We screened ~3,400 FDA-approved compounds and identified dronedarone, an antiarrhythmic with a well-established safety profile, as a potent enhancer of colistin activity against several MDR-GNP, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The colistin/dronedarone (COL/DRO) combination restored colistin efficacy in vitro and significantly reduced bacterial burden in a Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo model. Mechanistic studies revealed that colistin disrupts the outer membrane, facilitating dronedarone entry, which then permeabilizes and depolarizes the inner membrane, leading to cell death. This synergistic mechanism likely explains the potent activity observed. Additionally, the COL/DRO combination completely eradicated preformed biofilms of all tested pathogens. These findings suggest that dronedarone may be effectively repurposed to enhance colistin therapy, offering a promising strategy to combat life-threatening infections caused by MDR-GNP.IMPORTANCEAntibiotic resistance in dangerous Gram-negative bacteria is a growing global health crisis, leaving doctors with very few treatment options. Colistin is often the last available antibiotic for these infections, but its effectiveness is limited by serious side effects including nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Our study shows that dronedarone, a heart medication already approved for human use, can make colistin much more effective against highly resistant bacteria. By working together, these two drugs kill bacteria that neither drug can eliminate alone, including those that form hard-to-treat biofilms. The combination also proved effective in an in vivo infection model, showing promise beyond the laboratory. Because dronedarone has a known safety record in people, this approach could be developed more quickly than entirely new antibiotics. These findings highlight a practical strategy to repurpose existing medicines to strengthen current antibiotics and fight life-threatening, drug-resistant infections.},
}

@article {pmid41431463,
year = {2025},
author = {Noorian, P and Hamann, K and Hoque, MM and Espinoza-Vergara, G and To, J and Leo, D and Chari, P and Weber, G and Marial, O and Pryor, J and Duggin, IG and Lee, BB and Rice, SA and McDougald, D},
title = {A model, mixed-species urinary catheter biofilm derived from spinal cord injury patients.},
journal = {Biofilm},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100332},
pmid = {41431463},
issn = {2590-2075},
abstract = {Complex multispecies biofilms consistently colonise urinary catheters, causing persistent asymptomatic bacteriuria and frequent symptomatic episodes in long-term catheterized individuals. Simple single-species models often fail to capture the complexities of mixed-species interactions and lab-based organisms may not reflect the genomic diversity found in real-world infections. Additionally, growth under flow conditions promotes robust, complex-biofilm structures. Therefore, to reflect the dynamics of in vivo infections, biofilm samples from clinical indwelling catheters of spinal cord injury (SCI) participants colonised by 5-10 species were used to establish polymicrobial macro-fluidic models, in catheters. This resulted in final models of 2-4 species biofilms. Metagenomic techniques using short-read Illumina and long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing was used to assess the taxonomic composition, in vivo to in vitro biofilms diversity shifts, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). In silico analysis revealed a high number of varied antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors and biofilm associated factors present in these biofilms. Antibiotic resistance testing using our models highlighted the drastic differences between planktonic bacteria, single-species and multispecies biofilms. While single-species biofilms show considerably increased tolerance to antibiotics compared to their planktonic counterparts, this resistance is even greater in multispecies biofilms. Under flow conditions, all species in the multispecies biofilm showed increased resistance, unlike static conditions where only most did. Models developed and characterised in this study are expected to facilitate testing of effective strategies to prevent and treat catheter-associated infections by enabling more accurate analysis of biofilm inhibition, disruption and microbial interactions.},
}

@article {pmid41430859,
year = {2025},
author = {Santos-Díaz, G and Rodríguez-Rivas, Á and Cuetos, A},
title = {Relevance of the computational models of bacterial interactions in the simulation of biofilm growth.},
journal = {Physical review. E},
volume = {112},
number = {5-1},
pages = {054411},
doi = {10.1103/l46r-ndl8},
pmid = {41430859},
issn = {2470-0053},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Models, Biological ; *Computer Simulation ; *Bacteria/growth & development ; *Microbial Interactions ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; },
abstract = {This study explores the application of elongated particle interaction models, traditionally used in liquid crystal phase research, in the context of early bacterial biofilm development. Through computer simulations using an agent-based model, we have investigated the possibilities and limitations of modeling biofilm formation and growth using different models for interaction between bacteria, such as the Hertz model, soft repulsive spherocylindrical model, and attractive Kihara model. Our approach focuses on understanding how mechanical forces due to the interaction between cells, in addition to growth and diffusive parameters, influence the formation of complex bacterial communities. By comparing such force models, we evaluate their impact on the structural properties of bacterial microcolonies. The results indicate that, although the specific force model has some effect on biofilm properties, the intensity of the interaction between bacteria is the most important determinant. This study highlights the importance of properly selecting interaction strength in simulations to obtain realistic representations of biofilm growth and suggests which adapted models of rod-shaped bacterial systems may offer a valid approach to study the dynamics of complex biofilms.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Models, Biological
*Computer Simulation
*Bacteria/growth & development
*Microbial Interactions
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena

@article {pmid41429800,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, X and Dong, Z and Zhang, S and Ma, J and Liu, S},
title = {Microplastic biofilm as hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes and potential pathogens.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-025-00890-9},
pmid = {41429800},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {ZR2024QB116//the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; ZR2024QB344//the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province/ ; 22406113//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 22422610//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2022042//the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences/ ; 202407//the Joint Innovation Team for Clinical & Basic Research/ ; },
abstract = {Microplastic biofilms, known as the "plastisphere", harbor diverse microbial communities and serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This review discussed the mechanisms driving bacterial community alteration on microplastics and delineated the pathways through which ARGs transfer within microplastic biofilms. We expected to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ecological and human health impacts associated with microplastic biofilms and ARGs, thereby informing strategies to mitigate plastic pollution and its risks.},
}

@article {pmid41428150,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohanasundaram, M and Kandaswamy, K and P B, H and Subramani, R and Pushparaj, C},
title = {Anti-biofilm potential of Matricaria chamomilla against tetra species representative gut commensals.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41428150},
issn = {1874-9356},
}

@article {pmid41427724,
year = {2025},
author = {Mahoudeau, L and Crétin, P and Joublin-Delavat, A and Rodrigues, S and Guillouche, C and Louvet, I and Bienvenu, N and Geslin, C and Dulaquais, G and Maguer, J-F and Delavat, F},
title = {The interplay between the marine diazotroph Vibrio diazotrophicus and its prophage shapes both biofilm structure and nitrogen release.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0156425},
doi = {10.1128/aem.01564-25},
pmid = {41427724},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Marine environments are frequently oligotrophic, characterized by low amount of bioassimilable nitrogen sources. At the global scale, the microbial fixation of N2, or diazotrophy, represents the primary source of fixed nitrogen in pelagic marine ecosystems, playing a key role in supporting primary production and driving the export of organic matter to the deep ocean. However, given the high energetic cost of N2 fixation, the active release of fixed nitrogen by diazotrophs appears counterintuitive, suggesting the existence of alternative passive release pathways that remain understudied to date. Here, we show that the marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph Vibrio diazotrophicus is endowed with a prophage belonging to the Myoviridae family, whose expression is induced under anoxic and biofilm-forming conditions. We demonstrate that this prophage can spontaneously excise from the genome of its host and that it forms intact and infective phage particles. Moreover, phage-mediated host cell lysis leads to increased biofilm production compared with a prophage-free derivative mutant and to increased release of dissolved organic carbon and ammonium. Altogether, the results suggest that viruses may play a previously unrecognized role in oceanic ecosystem dynamics by structuring microhabitats suitable for diazotrophy and by contributing to the recycling of (in)organic matter.

IMPORTANCE: Diazotrophs are key players in ocean functioning by providing fixed nitrogen to ecosystems and fueling primary production. However, from a physiological point of view, the active release of nitrogenous compounds by diazotrophs is paradoxical, since they would invest in an energy-intensive process and supply nutrient to non-sibling cells, with the risk of being outcompeted. Therefore, alternative ways leading to the release of fixed nitrogen must exist. Here, we show that the marine non-cyanobacterial diazotroph Vibrio diazotrophicus possesses one prophage, whose activation leads to cell death, increased biofilm production, and the release of dissolved organic compounds and ammonium. Taken together, our results provide evidence that marine phage-diazotroph interplay leads to the creation of microhabitats suitable for diazotrophy, such as biofilm, and to nutrient cycling, and contributes to better understanding of the role of viruses in marine ecosystems.},
}

@article {pmid41425934,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, M and Wang, S and Qu, Q and Yang, H and Liu, X and Peng, W and Zhou, Y},
title = {ClpB affects biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1723924},
pmid = {41425934},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study aims to explore the effects of the molecular chaperone ClpB on the biofilm formation and pathogenicity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

METHODS: The biological membrane formation was evaluated by constructing a clpB knockout strain (ΔclpB) and a complemented strain (CΔclpB) of USA300 MRSA, followed by crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and quantitative analysis of extracellular matrix components. A mouse skin infection model was subsequently employed to assess wound healing, histopathological changes, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors.

RESULTS: The results showed that compared with the wild strain (WT), the biomass of ΔclpB biofilm was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001), the structure was damaged and the production of extracellular matrix (eDNA, polysaccharides, proteins) decreased. CΔclpB then returned to the WT level. In the in vivo experiments, the ΔclpB infection group had faster wound healing, reduced tissue damage, and decreased expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 at both protein and mRNA levels.

CONCLUSION: ClpB promotes the formation of MRSA biofilms by regulating extracellular matrix synthesis and host inflammatory responses and is a potential target for anti-biofilm therapy.},
}

@article {pmid41425923,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, J and Zhang, J and Yu, H and Yang, W and Zhao, J and Lei, S and Yang, J},
title = {Short-cut nitrogen removal from high-strength ammonia wastewater in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor: roles of NO and its production mechanism.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1653308},
pmid = {41425923},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is a key intermediate in the biological nitrogen removal process. However, its role and production mechanism is still not fully understood. In this study, a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) was used to study the short-cut nitrogen removal from high-strength ammonia wastewater and NO production mechanism. The ammonia concentration in SBBR was 1,000 mg-N/L, with a carbon-nitrogen ratio of 5, the simultaneous partial nitrification and denitrification efficiency reached 66.42%, while the average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency was 83.37 ± 6.93%. Microbial community analysis showed the vital role of functional bacteria such as Thauera, Stappia, and Nitrosomonas in the short-cut nitrogen removal process. The accumulation of NO occurred mainly under aerobic conditions, with the highest NO concentration of 0.19 mg-N/L. NO accumulation was mainly attributed to the incomplete oxidation of hydroxylamine, nitrifier denitrification and heterotrophic denitrification. Synergistic inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria by NO with free ammonia and free nitrous acid contributed to rapid establishment of partial nitrification and long-term stability of the process. The present study provides novel insights into the underlying mechanisms mediating the inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.},
}

@article {pmid41425551,
year = {2025},
author = {Zavala-Hernández, AN and Salto-Reyes, C and Bravo-Patiño, A and Baizabal-Aguirre, VM and Valdez-Alarcón, JJ},
title = {IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 reduce cell viability and differentially alter biofilm structure and gene expression levels in Staphylococcus aureus USA 300.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1665397},
pmid = {41425551},
issn = {1664-3224},
}

@article {pmid41424905,
year = {2025},
author = {Kumar, M and Soni, R and Maniyar, RS and Saran, P and Chaudhary, DR},
title = {Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Biofilm-Forming Marine Bacteria from the Arabian Sea, India.},
journal = {Indian journal of microbiology},
volume = {65},
number = {4},
pages = {1906-1918},
pmid = {41424905},
issn = {0046-8991},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are complex, hydrated matrices produced by biofilm-forming bacteria to anchor themselves to surfaces and resist antibiotic treatment. EPS plays a critical role in the formation, maintenance and virulence of biofilms, leading to persistent infections and posing significant challenges in healthcare. Characterizing bacterial EPS is essential to understand their biochemical composition and functional properties, which is critical for optimizing their applications in biotechnology, medicine, and environmental management. Therefore, the present study aimed to isolate and screen the bacteria from Arabian Sea for their ability to produce EPS from biofilm surfaces. Additionally, the detailed characterization of the EPS was also carried out. These bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and revealed that all the EPS-producing bacterial isolates belong to different bacterial genera (Oceanimonas, Psychrobacter and Vibrio). The bacteria were cultured on Zobell marine broth media and EPS were isolated using the propanol precipitation method. The EPS weight varied among the bacterial isolates and ranged from 0.81 g L[-1] to 2.21 g L[-1]. The EPS produced by the bacterial strains have shown antimicrobial as well as free radicals (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH) and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity. The antimicrobial and free radical scavenging properties of EPS have promising biotechnological applications in developing new antibiotics, enhancing food preservation, creating protective coatings, and improving wound healing therapies. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of aliphatic methyl, halide groups, saccharides and primary amines. Gas chromatography equipped with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) confirmed the presence of monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, arabinose and mannose. The EPS were further characterized using X-Ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The study highlights the importance of EPS in biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance and persistent infections, emphasizing the importance of isolating and characterizing of EPS for its potential biotechnological applications, including antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-024-01351-1.},
}

@article {pmid41424245,
year = {2025},
author = {Wojnowska, M and Wajima, T and Yelland, T and Ludewig, H and Hagan, RM and McCurry, OF and Watt, G and Hamaia, SW and Bihan, D and Malcor, JD and Bonna, A and Bergsten, H and Palma Medina, LM and Svensson, M and Oppegaard, O and Skrede, S and Arnell, P and Hyldegaard, O and Farndale, RW and Norrby-Teglund, A and Schwarz-Linek, U},
title = {Structural basis for collagen recognition by the Streptococcus pyogenes M3 protein and its involvement in biofilm.},
journal = {eLife},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7554/eLife.105539},
pmid = {41424245},
issn = {2050-084X},
support = {MR/N009681/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; FP6 ASSIST (032390)//European Commission/ ; FP7 INFECT (305340)//European Commission/ ; 2022-01-202//Vetenskapsrådet/ ; FoUI-975603//Center for Innovative Medicine/ ; RG/09/003/27122/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; SP/15/7/31561/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; RG/15/4/31268/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {*Streptococcus pyogenes/physiology/metabolism ; *Collagen/metabolism/chemistry ; Humans ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Protein Binding ; *Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism/chemistry ; *Carrier Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; *Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/chemistry ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Models, Molecular ; Virulence Factors/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The M protein is an essential virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus (GAS), one of the most common and dangerous human pathogens. Molecular and functional characterization of M protein variants and their interactions with host components is crucial for understanding streptococcal pathogenesis and vaccine development. The M3 protein is produced by the prevalent emm3 GAS serotype, which is frequently associated with severe invasive diseases. Here, we structurally and biochemically characterize the interaction of M3 with human collagens. High-resolution structures of the N-terminal M3 domain in the free state as well as bound to a collagen peptide derived from the Collagen Ligands Collection reveal a novel T-shaped protein fold that presents binding sites complementing the characteristic topology of collagen triple helices. The structure of the M3/collagen peptide complex explains how emm3 GAS and related streptococci, such as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, can target collagens to enable colonization of various tissues. In line with this, we demonstrate that the M3/collagen interaction promotes enhanced biofilm formation of emm3 GAS in an emm type-specific manner, which can be inhibited with the recombinant N-terminal M3 domain. Further, emm3 GAS are shown to colocalize with collagen in tissue biopsies from patients with necrotizing soft tissue infections, where GAS biofilms are common. This observation is reproduced in infected organotypic skin models. Together, these data provide detailed molecular insights into an important streptococcal virulence mechanism with implications for the understanding of invasive infections, strategies for treating biofilm and M-protein-based vaccine design.},
}

*Streptococcus pyogenes/physiology/metabolism
*Collagen/metabolism/chemistry
Humans
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/chemistry
Protein Binding
*Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism/chemistry
*Carrier Proteins/metabolism/chemistry
*Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism/chemistry
Streptococcal Infections/microbiology
Models, Molecular
Virulence Factors/metabolism

@article {pmid41423588,
year = {2025},
author = {Geiken, A and Gutman, AS and Röder, N and Holtmann, L and Graetz, C and Schwarz, K and Dörfer, CE},
title = {A new method for continuous in vivo pH measurement in saliva and oral biofilm - a comparative pilot study.},
journal = {Clinical oral investigations},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {23},
pmid = {41423588},
issn = {1436-3771},
}

@article {pmid41422896,
year = {2025},
author = {Du, M and Wang, Z and Yin, D and Fan, C and Yan, X and Wang, K},
title = {Nano Ag-AlOOH modified Cured-in-Place-Pipe (CIPP) composites for controlling sewer biofilm:performance and mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances reduction and antimicrobial activity.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {123592},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2025.123592},
pmid = {41422896},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {The sewer biofilms are recognized as a major reason for odor, pipe corrosion and flow restriction. Ultraviolet-cured-in-place pipe (UV-CIPP) has been a widely used trenchless repair technique in recent years because of their cost-effective and small jobsite footprint. This study compared the physicochemical properties, microbial community structures, and related functional genes of biofilms formed on CIPP, reinforced concrete (RCP) and ductile iron pipes (DIP). The total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) contents of CIPP, RCP and DIP were 186.5, 286.3 and 214.9 mg/g VSS. Biofilms on RCP exhibited weaker motility and stress responses, whereas those on DIP displayed enhanced adhesion and EPS production. The formation of high ORP microenvironments on CIPP surfaces was not favorable for biofilm growth. The smooth surface of CIPP hindered microbial colonization and caused stressed microorganisms to allocate energy to growth and reproduction rather than EPS synthesis. Furthermore, a new strategy was proposed for effective biofilm inhibition by adding boehmite loaded with Ag nanoparticles (Ag-AlOOH) to the UV-CIPP resin layer. Ag-AlOOH/CIPP reduced biofilm thickness, EPS, protein, and polysaccharide contents of CIPP by 72.1%, 69.4%, 68.7%, and 73.5%, respectively. The polyhydroxy structure of AlOOH enhanced the hydrophilicity of the CIPP surface and reduced microbial colonization. Ag[0]/Ag[+] decreased the nitrogen and energy metabolism, limited Gram-positive bacterial abundance, and viable cell counts. This study showed that effects of CIPP materials on biofilm characteristics and microbial functions, and developed an efficient biofilm control strategy by incorporating Ag-AlOOH into UV-CIPP.},
}

@article {pmid41422558,
year = {2025},
author = {Pulido-Sánchez, M and Montero-Beltrán, E and López-Sánchez, A and Govantes, F},
title = {HsbA represses stationary phase biofilm formation in Pseudomonas putida.},
journal = {Microbiological research},
volume = {305},
number = {},
pages = {128428},
doi = {10.1016/j.micres.2025.128428},
pmid = {41422558},
issn = {1618-0623},
abstract = {Pseudomonas putida biofilm growth is associated to nutrient-sufficient conditions and biofilm dispersal is induced by nutrient starvation, signaled by the stringent response-associated nucleotide alarmone (p)ppGpp. We have used transcriptomic analysis to show that (p)ppGpp regulates the hsbAR-hptB gene cluster, encoding components of a phosphorelay pathway and an anti-σ factor antagonist, and cfcR, encoding a response regulator with diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity. Transcription of hsbAR-hptB and cfcR is RpoS-dependent and induced by stationary phase and the stringent response. A ∆hsbA mutant resumed biofilm formation after dispersal in late stationary phase and displayed increased pellicle formation at the medium-air interphase and Congo Red adsorption. All these phenotypes were traced down to increased c-di-GMP levels in stationary phase, dependent on the activity of CfcR and its cognate sensor kinase, CfcA. HsbA was reversibly phosphorylated by the combined action of HptB and HsbR. HsbA phosphorylation conditioned its interaction with CfcR and CfcA and the subcellular distribution of the three proteins. In spite of this, HsbA retained its ability to prevent biofilm formation regardless of its phosphorylation state. Our results support a model in which HsbA forms a complex with CfcR to inhibit its DGC activity regardless of its phosphorylation state. Upon HsbA dephosphorylation, this complex is recruited to the cell membrane by CfcA to strengthen the inhibitory effect. While this pathway contributes to biofilm dispersal by denying de novo c-di-GMP synthesis during nutrient starvation, it may also enable quick restoration of the biofilm phenotype to colonize new sites or during biofilm maturation.},
}

@article {pmid41421670,
year = {2025},
author = {Fan, X and Li, B and Xu, X and Long, B and Jia, Z and Wang, R and Gao, J and Chen, Y and Peng, M and Zhou, M},
title = {Deciphering the regulatory role of the pfs gene on biofilm formation in Lactobacillus plantarum R: Insights from transcriptome and metabolome.},
journal = {Bioresource technology},
volume = {443},
number = {},
pages = {133833},
doi = {10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133833},
pmid = {41421670},
issn = {1873-2976},
abstract = {Lactobacillus plantarum is a widely recognized probiotic that forms biofilms to enhance environmental tolerance and probiotic properties, but the mechanisms regulating its biofilm formation remain unclear. This study successfully used CRISPR-Cas9 to delete the pfs gene in the high biofilm-producing strain L. plantarum R, and first investigated its role by integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. The pfs gene participates in the activated methyl cycle and AI-2 synthesis, which is involved in quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Deletion of pfs increased biofilm biomass by 91% and markedly enhanced matrix accumulation, including exopolysaccharides, extracellular proteins and extracellular DNA (eDNA). Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant perturbation of cysteine and methionine metabolism and altered expression of key genes involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis. Metabolomic profiling identified 223 differentially expressed metabolites, primarily associated with carbon flux and EPS precursor pathways. In summary, pfs deletion enhances biofilm formation via metabolic reprogramming rather than classical AI-2 dependent QS pathways. This study provides new insights into the pfs gene-mediated regulation of biofilm formation in L. plantarum and establishes a foundation for future strategies to manipulate biofilm formation in industrial applications.},
}

@article {pmid41420841,
year = {2025},
author = {Wen, Y and Li, Y and Liu, T and Sun, C and Zhao, H and Yuan, Y and Yang, S and Zhao, T and Liu, J},
title = {Nucleoside-Based Hydrogel Platform Synergizes with Photothermal Effects for Enhanced Biofilm Eradication Against Periodontitis.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e22853},
doi = {10.1002/advs.202522853},
pmid = {41420841},
issn = {2198-3844},
support = {82271035//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 82571099//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 82571160//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 52503203//National Natural Science Foundations of China/ ; 2022YFB3203800//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 22zx7129//Doctoral Research Foundation of Southwest University of Science and Technology/ ; 2021YJ0564//Sichuan Science and Technology Bureau/ ; },
abstract = {Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily driven by pathogenic biofilms, and affects more than 90% of the global population. The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance, coupled with the protective nature of resilient biofilms, makes it challenging to achieve satisfactory therapeutic outcomes. In this study, an organic small molecule-based photothermal reagent (FNP) with excellent photothermal property is designed by rational tailor of donor-acceptor combinations, and a supramolecular nucleoside hydrogel (ZBAg) is developed via silver ion-stabilized base pairing and dynamic boronate ester bonds. The ZBAg hydrogel exhibits a unique coordination mechanism distinct from the traditional intermolecular i-motif coordination mode. The ZBAg@FNP hydrogel is prepared by encapsulating FNP within ZBAg hydrogel, which demonstrates excellent biocompatibility and achieves controlled Ag[+] release triggered by localized hyperthermia. The ZBAg@FNP hydrogel can damage biofilm structure through photothermal therapy and then improves the penetration of Ag[+] into the biofilms, resulting in synergistic eradication of the biofilms of oral pathogenic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans). ZBAg@FNP hydrogel treatment significantly reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, increases the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduces alveolar resorption in periodontitis of rats. This study provides a new strategy for treating periodontitis, and offers insights into the design of antibiofilm materials.},
}

@article {pmid41420149,
year = {2025},
author = {Arazi, P and Skurnik, M and Mohsenipour, Z and Abtahi, HR and Jahanbin, B and Kianian, F and Feizabadi, MM},
title = {Genomic and functional characterization of a novel lytic phage vB-AbaM-fThrA with anti-biofilm activity against CR-MDR Acinetobacter baumannii.},
journal = {BMC microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12866-025-04525-z},
pmid = {41420149},
issn = {1471-2180},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii causes increasingly fat5al infections in humans. Phage therapy is considered as a promising approach to treat the infections.

METHODS: Here we present the isolation and characterization of a new lytic A. baumannii specific phage vB-AbaM-fThrA (fThrA for short) originating from hospital wastewater.

RESULTS: Phage fThrA has a myovirus morphology with a relatively broad host range. The phage forms large and transparent plaques with a halo and showed high lysis power in in-vitro laboratory studies. Based on the genome sequence analysis phage fThrA is a new member of the Obolenskvirus genus with about 75.6% genomic similarity to its closest relative. The phage, tolerated well pH range from 4 to 10, and heating at 50 °C, but not 80 °C. At pH 2 ca. 50% of the phage survived for 1 h, an indication that the phage would be suitable for oral administration and phage therapy of the digestive tract. Phage fThrA was highly active against formation of biofilm and in destruction of the formed biofilm, an asset when used as a supplement to antibiotics in severe infections. Also, in genomic studies, no genes related to pathogenicity and lysogenicity were observed in the whole phage sequence.

CONCLUSIONS: These features make phage fThrA as a promising candidate for phage therapy in-vivo.},
}

@article {pmid41419208,
year = {2025},
author = {Fadely, EC and Gehin, G and Bone, SE and Webb, SM and Morales, VL and Peña, J},
title = {Enhanced Manganese Oxidation at the Biofilm-Fluid Interface Drives Pore-Scale Patterns in Mineral Precipitation.},
journal = {Environmental science & technology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.est.5c11326},
pmid = {41419208},
issn = {1520-5851},
abstract = {Microbial oxidation of manganese (Mn) from aqueous Mn(II) to solid-phase Mn(III, IV) minerals catalyzes Mn(II) removal in natural and engineered porous systems. However, little is known about the spatiotemporal evolution of Mn biomineralization in confined spaces that experience simultaneous Mn(II) delivery and Mn oxide precipitation. Here, we combine time-lapse microscopy, image analysis, and mass spectrometry to quantify the extent and rate of Mn biomineralization by Pseudomonas putida GB-1 in an optically transparent two-dimensional porous medium. We found that Mn(II) oxidation initially occurred within biofilms but shifted over time toward the edges of biofilms in contact with pore fluid. Minerals precipitated outside of the initial biofilm footprint likely due to surface-mediated oxidation of Mn(II) by nascent biogenic Mn oxides, reinforcing a gradient in mineral accumulation from the Mn(II) source near the reactor inlet to the outlet. The rate of mineral precipitation outside the biofilm footprint surpassed the rate of mineral accumulation inside biofilms within 6 h and accounted for two-thirds of the total Mn oxide mass in the pore space at the end of the experiment. This work advances a mechanistic understanding of coupled biotic and abiotic Mn oxidation in porous environments while providing a novel platform to quantify microbe-mineral-fluid interactions.},
}

@article {pmid41418955,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, A and Wang, W and Huang, W and Tao, Z and Min, H and Liu, Q and Zhang, W and Tian, J},
title = {A dual cross-linked pillar[5]arene/porphyrin-based supramolecular polysaccharide hydrogel for promoted wound healing by combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm eradication.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {149761},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149761},
pmid = {41418955},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Inappropriate use of antibiotics has emerged a large number of "multidrug-resistant bacteria" during the past decades, leading to a formidable challenge to global health. Photodynamic therapy exhibits effective antibacterial effects by the generation of abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the planar conjugated structure of most photosensitizers results in their close π-π stacking and the low ROS yield. Herein, we reported a dual cross-linked Pillar[5]arene/porphyrin-based supramolecular hydrogel for combating multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilm eradication. The supramolecular hydrogel consists of hyaluronic acid, naphthalene-functionalized positive charged porphyrin, and aldehyde-functionalized Pillar[5] arene via dual cross-linking by Schiff base bonding and host-guest interaction. Notably, the steric hindrance of Pillar[5]arene/porphyrin host-guest complexes effectively inhibits the π-π stacking of porphyrins and thereby enhances ROS generation. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial and biofilm disruption studies confirmed the outstanding antibacterial, biofilm eradication, and multidrug-resistant bacteria infected wound healing of the supramolecular hydrogel. The dynamic chemical bonding and host-guest interaction dual cross-linked hydrogel provides a promising strategy for addressing drug-resistant bacterial infections and promoting wound healing.},
}

@article {pmid41416965,
year = {2025},
author = {Bose, S and Poddar, N and Sharma, SN and Deb, S and Mondal, T and Banerjee, A},
title = {A cystine-containing cationic lipopeptide-based injectable hydrogel with antimicrobial activities against multi-drug resistant strains and anti-biofilm efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d5tb01110h},
pmid = {41416965},
issn = {2050-7518},
abstract = {A ubiquitous global threat of emerging multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains causing outbreaks of biofilm-mediated hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) has resulted in severe nosocomial contagious diseases, chronic wound inflammation, and lethal sepsis. Surface contamination of medical devices, implants and community transmission have further worsened the persistently high rate of morbidity and mortality spawned by epidemic resistant strains of opportunistic pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, a disulphide bridge containing an amphiphilic cationic peptide (AP1) has been designed, synthesised, characterised and studied for antibacterial activity against several multi-drug resistant strains. Notably, the lipopeptide AP1 spontaneously self-assembled to form an injectable hydrogel in Tris-HCl buffer (within a pH range of 7.2-8.0). Field emission gun transmission electron microscopic data showed an intertwined nanofibrillar morphology. Several spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, and circular dichroism, have been utilised to characterize the self-assembly of the synthesized AP1. Interestingly, this self-assembled peptide is found to exhibit potent antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive (MRSA and Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. Detailed mechanistic studies have illustrated the antibacterial efficacy against MRSA and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa via membrane disruption along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The biofilm inhibition and mature biofilm destruction capabilities of self-assembled AP1 were observed against MRSA due to the combined effect of the reduction competency of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and planktonic cytolysis. This subsequently corroborated the hydrogel's application as an anti-infective surface-coating biomaterial. The MTT assay with eukaryotic mammalian cells (HEK-293, NKE, HaCaT) and haemolytic assay convincingly substantiated the biocompatibility of the self-assembled amphiphilic peptide, emphasizing its therapeutic potential as an antibacterial agent in biomedicine.},
}

@article {pmid41416169,
year = {2025},
author = {Ke, D and Tan, X and Chen, K and Xue, X and An, N and Ye, K and Zhang, X and Li, Y and Zeng, J},
title = {[Advances in Novel Disinfection Technologies for Biofilm-Associated Nosocomial Infections].},
journal = {Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition},
volume = {56},
number = {5},
pages = {1243-1250},
pmid = {41416169},
issn = {1672-173X},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects ; *Disinfection/methods ; *Cross Infection/prevention & control/microbiology ; Humans ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {The elimination of biofilms is a crucial step in controlling hospital-acquired infections. Once biofilms colonize luminal instruments, it is difficult to remove them using traditional disinfection methods. Conventional disinfection approaches now face a series of challenges, including microbial resistance, corrosiveness, cytotoxicity, residual disinfection byproducts, and environmental pollution. Therefore, developing novel disinfection technologies specifically targeting biofilm removal is vitally important. New disinfection technologies, such as slightly acidic electrolyzed water, plasma technology, surface modification techniques, nanomaterial-based disinfection, bacteriophage disinfection, and enzymatic disinfection, are constantly emerging. These technologies exhibit excellent performance against biofilms by leveraging the synergistic effects of multiple mechanisms, including the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, photocatalytic oxidation, physical disruption, and biological targeting. This review summarizes the characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and potential application scenarios of these novel disinfection technologies, with a particular focus on their effects against biofilms formed by common pathogenic bacteria on surfaces in hospital settings. It aims to provide a reference basis for the practical application and translation of these disinfection technologies and the development of new disinfection strategies.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects
*Disinfection/methods
*Cross Infection/prevention & control/microbiology
Humans
Disinfectants/pharmacology

@article {pmid41415198,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, JR and Duan, SS and Wu, CF},
title = {Effects of different carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on denitrification performance and structure of microbial community in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR).},
journal = {RSC advances},
volume = {15},
number = {59},
pages = {50784-50794},
pmid = {41415198},
issn = {2046-2069},
abstract = {This study elucidated the synergistic regulatory mechanism of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the nitrogen removal performance in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). It was innovatively discovered that the matching relationship between C/N and DO is a key factor determining system performance: when a low C/N (=5) was matched with low DO (0.6 mg L[-1]), or a high C/N (=12) was matched with high DO (3 mg L[-1]), excellent nitrogen removal was achieved, with COD and nitrate removal efficiencies as high as 97.1%/99.0% and 96.3%/100%, respectively. The nitrogen balance and enzyme activity experiments demonstrated that the removal of nitrate partially relies on the assimilation of microorganisms, converting it into biomass nitrogen required for microbial growth, while the other part is converted into N2 through denitrification. The study confirmed the recognition that the microbial community's demand for C/N is positively correlated with DO concentration. High-throughput sequencing revealed that when the C/N-DO matching was imbalanced (e.g., C/N = 5, DO = 3 mg L[-1]), significant shifts in the dominant phyla occurred: the relative abundance of Proteobacteria dropped sharply from over 72% to 47.35%, while that of Bacteroidetes increased to 50.95%, directly leading to a decrease in nitrate removal efficiency to 68.6%. This study confirms that precise regulation of C/N-DO combinations can directionally shape the microbial community structure, providing an innovative theoretical basis for achieving precise regulation of MBBR process.},
}

@article {pmid41413428,
year = {2025},
author = {Blaznik, M and Volk, M and Kraigher, B and Calonge-Sanz, A and Barco-García, G and Stopar, D and Dogsa, I},
title = {Biofilm structure as a key factor in antibiotic tolerance: insights from Bacillus subtilis model systems.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {232},
pmid = {41413428},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; P4-0116//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; J1-3021//Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency/ ; },
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/physiology ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; *Daptomycin/pharmacology ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Microbial Viability/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Tolerance to antimicrobial agents in mature and structured biofilms presents a significant challenge in clinical and industrial applications. The contribution of biofilm physical structure to antimicrobial tolerance remains particularly poorly understood, primarily due to the lack of biofilm structure quantification and manipulation studies. To fill the gap in our knowledge, we have investigated how mechanical and biochemical disruptions of biofilm integrity affect Bacillus subtilis tolerance to antimicrobial agents. Our findings reveal that biofilm structural integrity is a major determinant of tolerance to membrane disrupting antibiotic daptomycin. Biofilm viscoelastic properties as well as antimicrobial tolerance to daptomycin were directly related to the presence of exopolysaccharide EpsA-O. In the absence of EpsA-O bacteria produced weak biofilms with markedly reduced elastic and viscous moduli that correlated with a 3-log reduction in bacterial survival rate when challenged with daptomycin. These findings underscore the protective role of biofilm structure against antibiotics and suggest that targeting biofilm structural integrity could substantially enhance antimicrobial treatment strategies for biofilm-related infections.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Bacillus subtilis/drug effects/physiology
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
*Daptomycin/pharmacology
Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Microbial Viability/drug effects

@article {pmid41413337,
year = {2025},
author = {Huang, Y and Cheng, Y and Shi, Y and Wang, X and Khodi Aghmiuni, S and Serwat, A and Zhang, Z and Shu, X and Sun, B},
title = {The role of nitric oxide synthase in biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus.},
journal = {NPJ biofilms and microbiomes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41522-025-00870-z},
pmid = {41413337},
issn = {2055-5008},
support = {32070132//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32070132//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32070132//the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 32370184//Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; YD9100002063//the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative/ ; WK9100000080//the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities/ ; },
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus is capable of colonizing diverse environments and forming biofilms. In this study, we found that the knockout of NO synthase (NOS) impaired biofilm integrity, resulting in weakened biofilms. We found the deletion of the nos reduced intracellular NO levels, which subsequently altered the S-nitrosylation modification levels of the proteome. This alteration was particularly pronounced in the S-nitrosylation modification of the cysteine residue at position 12 of the MgrA. This modification reduced the binding affinity of MgrA to the promoter of the acetyltransferase gene (icaA), resulting in reduced levels of poly-N-acetyl-β-(1-6)-glucosamine (PIA), a key component of biofilms formed by S. aureus, thereby further weakening biofilm formation. Consequently, we conclude that NOS in S. aureus S-nitrosylates the MgrA through the synthesis of endogenous NO. This process strengthens the interaction between MgrA and the icaA promoter (PicaA), thereby enhancing the synthesis of major polysaccharides in biofilms and promoting biofilm formation.},
}

@article {pmid41413134,
year = {2025},
author = {Hairgrove, M and Banerjee, S and Sapkota, M and Kramer, G and Sadaphal, V and Prasad, B and Chopra, R and Greenberg, DE},
title = {Alternating magnetic fields enhance anti-biofilm activity across pathogen and antibiotic space.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-31574-1},
pmid = {41413134},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a severe complication of total joint arthroplasty, contributing to significant patient morbidity and increased healthcare costs. The formation of biofilm on the implant hinders effective therapy, and removal of the prosthesis is frequently required. High frequency alternating magnetic fields (AMF) have emerged as a promising noninvasive approach to disrupt biofilm and have the potential to augment antibiotic activity. This study evaluated the impact of AMF on antibiotic activity in biofilms of clinically relevant PJI pathogens. Across multiple bacterial strains, AMF significantly improved biofilm eradication when administered with antibiotics, achieving greater reductions in bacterial burden compared to antibiotic monotherapy. There was an average reduction of 5.72-log across Gram-positive pathogens when treated with AMF and linezolid, and an average 5.11-log reduction of Gram-negative biofilm when treated with AMF and ciprofloxacin. The bactericidal response was independent of metal composition, suggesting broad applicability to different conductive prosthetic materials. Additionally, biofilm reduction was time and temperature-dependent, with peak efficacy observed at 80 °C. These findings support AMF as a potential adjunctive therapy for PJI, warranting further investigation in clinical settings to optimize treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41412650,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, T and Liu, X and Wang, Y and Guan, P and Ding, Y and Wang, X},
title = {Characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage SPuP2 against Shewanella putrefaciens and its efficacy in biofilm disruption: A promising antimicrobial strategy.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {117956},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117956},
pmid = {41412650},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Biofilms/growth & development ; *Shewanella putrefaciens/virology/physiology ; *Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Food Microbiology ; Animals ; Seafood/microbiology ; Bivalvia/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) is a major spoilage bacterium in aquatic products, capable of forming persistent biofilms that accelerate spoilage and pose potential food safety risks. However, conventional preservation strategies are often ineffective in preventing or removing biofilms. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly, and safe control strategy. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel lytic phage with potent antibiofilm activity against S. putrefaciens and to evaluate its potential as a biocontrol agent in aquatic products. The phage, designated SPuP2, was isolated from commercial clam water and exhibited a short latent period (10 min) and a high burst size (49.95 ± 11.53 PFU/CFU). Genomic analysis revealed that SPuP2 displayed low sequence similarity with previously characterized Shewanella phages, confirming that it represents a novel species. Anti-biofilm efficacy assays demonstrated that SPuP2 significantly inhibited biofilm formation: within 12 h, it reduced the OD595 nm value by 1.15 ± 0.05 (87.06 ± 0.41% inhibition rate) compared to the control. Moreover, it effectively disrupted mature biofilms by reducing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and altering cellular structure, achieving a removal rate of 75 ± 0.50%. Furthermore, SPuP2 effectively suppressed the growth of S. putrefaciens in grass carp fillets, resulting in reduced accumulation of spoilage-related substances (e.g., TVB-N, TBARS) and mitigated changes in texture, color, and microstructure, thereby delaying fillet quality deterioration. Overall, this study demonstrates that phage SPuP2 possesses strong antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, offering a promising strategy for controlling Shewanella-mediated spoilage and biofilm contamination in aquatic product biopreservation.},
}

*Biofilms/growth & development
*Shewanella putrefaciens/virology/physiology
*Bacteriophages/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology
Food Microbiology
Animals
Seafood/microbiology
Bivalvia/microbiology

@article {pmid41412644,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, X and Bai, M and Li, J and Yu, X and Li, P and Ding, X and Duan, J},
title = {The role of the yycF gene in regulating biofilm formation and probiotic properties in Lactobacillus reuteri.},
journal = {Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)},
volume = {224},
number = {},
pages = {117950},
doi = {10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117950},
pmid = {41412644},
issn = {1873-7145},
mesh = {*Limosilactobacillus reuteri/genetics/physiology/growth & development ; *Biofilms/growth & development ; *Probiotics ; Animals ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Mice ; },
abstract = {The YycF/G two-component system (TCS) is crucial for the environmental adaptation of probiotics. However, its molecular role in maintaining probiotic functions and physiological homeostasis in Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) remains incompletely understood. Accordingly, this study generated a yycF knockout mutant (ΔyycF) in L. reuteri using homologous recombination technology. Systematic analysis revealed that the mutant exhibits critical defects in cell wall integrity, growth retardation, and morphology, accompanied by significant downregulation of biofilm-associated genes and cell division genes. Phenotypic analysis revealed multifaceted impairments in probiotic properties, including compromised stress tolerance (increased sensitivity to simulated gastrointestinal fluids, bile salts, and osmotic stress), altered surface characteristics (reduced hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation capacity), diminished antagonistic activity (weakened pathogen inhibition), and significantly impaired epithelial adhesion capacity and antioxidant activity. Notably, transcriptomic analysis and animal experiments confirmed that yycF deletion not only reduced intestinal colonization efficiency but also impaired microbial homeostasis regulation, particularly by reducing the abundance of the beneficial bacterium Akkermansia. This study reveals that yycF modulates cellular morphogenesis and probiotic attributes in L. reuteri by coordinating a regulatory cascade network that links cell division, biofilm formation, and stress response. These findings not only provide mechanistic insights into the molecular basis of environmental adaptation in probiotics but also establish a theoretical framework for molecular-guided probiotic breeding and the development of next-generation engineered probiotics.},
}

*Limosilactobacillus reuteri/genetics/physiology/growth & development
*Biofilms/growth & development
*Probiotics
Animals
*Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Bacterial Adhesion
Mice

@article {pmid41412215,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, Z and Zhang, D and Zhang, G and Wei, J and Meng, J and Li, X},
title = {Self-driven Janus nanomotors empowering gastric mucus and biofilm penetration to potentiate antibiotic eradication of Helicobacter pylori.},
journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114550},
doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114550},
pmid = {41412215},
issn = {1873-4995},
abstract = {Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a major etiological factor in diverse gastric pathologies, accounting for approximately 75 % of gastric cancer cases. Current clinical antibiotic therapy faces significant challenges due to drug resistance, gastric acid degradation, and the formidable barriers of gastric mucus and biofilm matrix. To tackle these challenges, antibiotic-loaded nanomotors were developed for self-propelled penetration through gastric mucus and biofilm matrix to achieve H. pylori eradication. Specifically, Janus-structured J-Ca/Si@PDA-CLR nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by sequentially depositing mesoporous silica layers onto CaO2 NPs and asymmetrically coating them with clarithromycin (CLR)-loaded polydopamine (PDA). CaO2 reacted with gastric acid and produced O2, combined with the intrinsic Janus coating, generates an asymmetrical protrusion force, enabling effective mucus penetration and preventing premature gastric emptying. The protection of mesoporous silica layers ensures long-term motion, more rapid and complete penetration across mucus layers, and deep infiltration into biofilms, enhancing drug retention in the stomach and targeted accumulation within biofilms. Following intragastrical administration in H. pylori-infected mice, the nanomotors exhibited efficient infiltration into submucosal tissues and deep distribution throughout the stomach wall, in stark contrast to their static counterparts confined to the gastric surface. Treatment with the nanomotors resulted in an 8000-fold reduction in gastric bacterial burden compared to static carriers. Remarkably, nanomotors given at half the CLR dose produced a 75-fold higher bactericidal effect compared to free CLR at twice the dose. Thus, this work establishes a feasible therapeutic strategy utilizing self-propelled NPs to overcome mucus barriers and achieve deep biofilm clearance, demonstrating significant potential for applications in treating biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid41411030,
year = {2025},
author = {Utami, AN and Tasya, AN and Nora, RD and Wibawa, T},
title = {Impact of biofilm formation in fungal corneal ulcers on treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of medical microbiology},
volume = {74},
number = {12},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1099/jmm.0.002106},
pmid = {41411030},
issn = {1473-5644},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *Corneal Ulcer/microbiology/drug therapy ; *Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy/microbiology ; Treatment Outcome ; *Fungi/drug effects/physiology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; },
abstract = {Introduction. Fungal keratitis, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, poses significant therapeutic challenges due to biofilm formation by fungal pathogens. These biofilms confer increased resistance to antifungal treatments and are associated with poorer clinical outcomes.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Despite growing recognition of their impact, there remains a lack of comprehensive synthesis on the role of fungal biofilms in corneal ulcers.Aim. This study aims to determine the impact of and how biofilm formation influences the chronicity and treatment outcomes in fungal corneal ulcers.Methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and the Cochrane Library in April 2025. Only English articles were included, and animal studies were excluded. Eligible studies included clinical and in vitro investigations that assessed biofilm formation in fungal corneal ulcers and its impact on antifungal susceptibility and treatment outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) 2020 guidelines and registered under PROSPERO (an international systematic review registry, ID:CRD420251017502). Independent data extraction was done by two reviewers. Data on MICs were synthesized using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed with I[2] statistics and Cochran's Q test. Clinical outcomes were analysed narratively due to reporting variability.Results. Seven studies were included, spanning Brazil, India, China and Mexico, and covering both in vitro and clinical designs. Meta-analysis showed significantly increased MIC values for biofilm-forming fungal isolates: amphotericin B [pooled log2 fold change=5.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.92-7.70], voriconazole (6.06; 95% CI: 2.25-9.87) and natamycin (1.25; 95% CI: 0.48-2.02). High heterogeneity was noted for amphotericin B and voriconazole, while results for natamycin were consistent. Narrative synthesis of clinical data indicated that biofilm formation is associated with prolonged healing times, increased recurrence rates, reduced visual acuity and higher complication risks.Conclusion. Biofilm formation by fungal pathogens significantly reduces antifungal susceptibility and worsens clinical outcomes in fungal keratitis. Elevated MIC, delayed healing and increased rates of complications emphasize the need for targeted biofilm-disrupting therapies and standardized diagnostic protocols. Future research should focus on developing clinical strategies that integrate biofilm assessment to improve patient outcomes.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Humans
*Corneal Ulcer/microbiology/drug therapy
*Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy/microbiology
Treatment Outcome
*Fungi/drug effects/physiology
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Drug Resistance, Fungal

@article {pmid41410426,
year = {2025},
author = {Cole, AL and Woolard, KJ and Sorge, A and Melander, C and Gunn, JS},
title = {A mouse model for studying chronic Salmonella Typhi infection and anti-biofilm interventions.},
journal = {mBio},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0347625},
doi = {10.1128/mbio.03476-25},
pmid = {41410426},
issn = {2150-7511},
abstract = {Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), continues to cause significant human disease, especially in endemic regions. Chronic carriers of typhoid fever are a significant contributor to the perpetuation of disease in these communities, and treatments for elimination of the carrier state remain a challenge to clinicians and researchers. S. Typhi is host-restricted to humans and has been shown to be rapidly cleared by immunocompetent mice, which led to the use of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection of susceptible mice as a model for S. Typhi and typhoid fever. Thus, the lack of a direct murine model of S. Typhi infection has long been a challenge in the study of the mechanisms of typhoid fever and identification of therapeutics to treat the chronic carrier state. Here, we demonstrate the establishment of a murine model of chronic S. Typhi infection utilizing the immunocompetent Collaborative Cross mouse lines CC003/Unc and CC053/Unc, in which S. Typhi can be recovered in the gallbladder, liver, and spleen up to 21 days post-infection. Cholesterol gallstones foster enhanced S. Typhi gallbladder carriage. While there is no sex difference with regard to CFU recovered in the gallbladder at 21 days post-infection, male mice lost significantly more weight at early time points after infection and showed increased lethality. Bacterial aggregates (biofilms) were identified associated with the gallstone surface, consistent with observations in the S. Typhimurium gallstone mouse model of carriage and in human S. Typhi carriers. Additionally, we show that novel anti-biofilm compounds, in combination with ciprofloxacin, are able to reduce S. Typhi burden within the CC003/Unc gallbladder. Together, these findings support the role of gallstone biofilms in chronic typhoid fever and establish a new murine model that can be used to further interrogate the mechanisms of chronic typhoid fever utilizing the primary etiologic agent, S. Typhi.IMPORTANCEChronic typhoid fever, caused by persistent Salmonella Typhi infection, remains a significant public health concern in multiple regions throughout the world. There is currently no direct animal model utilizing S. Typhi that has been demonstrated to recapitulate the carrier state of typhoid fever. This lack of an animal model has precluded in vivo studies on the mechanisms of infection unique to this serovar. This study establishes and characterizes a new murine model of chronic S. Typhi carriage and demonstrates its utility with the identification of novel anti-biofilm compounds that disperse S. Typhi biofilms from gallbladder gallstones. This new model will provide a means for further studies into S. Typhi chronic infection.},
}

@article {pmid41409497,
year = {2025},
author = {Goedhart, R and Kruisdijk, E and van Halem, D},
title = {Biofilm Accelerates As(III) Oxidation on Reactive MnOx Coated Filter Sand in Groundwater Filters.},
journal = {ACS ES&T water},
volume = {5},
number = {12},
pages = {7536-7547},
pmid = {41409497},
issn = {2690-0637},
abstract = {Removal of carcinogenic arsenic (As) from groundwater is essential for providing safe drinking water. Arsenate (As-(V)) is more effectively removed in groundwater filters than arsenite (As-(III)), making the oxidation of As-(III) to As-(V) a key step in the treatment process. This study distinguishes between surface-catalytic and biological As-(III) oxidation on natural manganese oxide (MnO x) coated filter sand, since it is unknown which pathway dominates in filters. The MnO x coated sand was collected from a full-scale groundwater filter and consisted of a mixture of different abiotically and biologically formed Mn oxides, such as Birnessite and Todorokite. A lab-scale filter setup was operated with As-(III)-containing water. Within 3 weeks, a shift from surface-catalytic to biological As-(III) oxidation was observed. Initially, surface-catalytic As-(III) oxidation (k CHEM = 0.318 min[-1]) was coupled to Mn-(II) release at a ratio of 0.96, approximating the stoichiometric ratio of 1. This coupling disappeared over time, indicating the biological nature of the reaction, as confirmed by microbial inhibition. An increase in relative abundance of the known As-oxidizing families Comamonadaceae, with Polaromonas as the dominant genus, and Microscillaceae were found post experiments. Except for these changes, the microbial community on the sand grains stayed relatively similar prior to and post experiments. No significant changes in the physical-chemical properties of the MnO x coating were found post experiments. A first-order biological As-(III) oxidation rate constant k BIO of 4.64 min[-1] was found, yielding a half-life of 9 s. This represents a 14-fold acceleration compared with surface-catalytic oxidation, revealing that kinetic limitations rather than surface passivation can be attributed to the loss of surface-catalytic oxidation. Our study demonstrates that biological oxidation of As-(III) can outpace the acknowledged oxidizing power of MnO x , offering a potential new pathway for the development of effective As removal systems.},
}

@article {pmid41409256,
year = {2025},
author = {Falconer, R and Rothberg, D and Kay, W and Hunt, C and Epperson, RT and Kawaguchi, B and Ashton, N and Williams, D},
title = {Assessing the efficacy of systemic antibiotics for biofilm-associated infection in an ovine model of simulated fracture-related infection.},
journal = {Journal of bone and joint infection},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {511-524},
pmid = {41409256},
issn = {2206-3552},
abstract = {Introduction: Infection remains a major complication of open fractures, with rates reaching up to 70 % after severe injury. Systemic antibiotics often fail to achieve the therapeutic levels needed to disrupt biofilm at the wound site due to compromised blood flow and systemic dilution. This study investigates the efficacy of systemic antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monomicrobial biofilms in an ovine model of simulated fracture-related infection (FRI). Methods: An established model of long-bone FRI in the right hind limb of mature Rambouillet sheep was adapted. Local soft tissue trauma was induced, the periosteum was stripped from the tibial surface, and a simulated fracture was created on the bone surface. The site was inoculated with mature biofilm grown on fracture fixation plates. Sheep were assigned to a treatment group receiving 10 d of systemic antibiotic therapy or a positive control group that received no treatment. All animals were sacrificed at 21 d, and microbiological and histological analysis was performed. Results: Systemic antibiotics failed to produce a statistically significant reduction in S. aureus biofilm compared to the positive control. Systemic therapy significantly reduced P. aeruginosa bioburden compared to the positive control, but levels remained above the clinical threshold for infection. The histological analysis revealed moderate improvement from systemic treatment. Conclusions: This investigation established the limitations of systemic antibiotic therapy in this model of long-bone FRI against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Microbiological and histological analyses revealed hallmark features of recalcitrance to systemic treatment, validating the utility of this model to study anti-infective therapies. These findings highlight the need for new antibiotic delivery strategies to manage biofilm-associated infections.},
}

@article {pmid41409123,
year = {2025},
author = {Hemamalini, D and Sundari, SS and Faizee, KMSH and Jeyachandran, S},
title = {Amphiroa fragilissima as a bioactive resource: exploring its antioxidant, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential for dental applications.},
journal = {Biomaterial investigations in dentistry},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {45099},
pmid = {41409123},
issn = {2641-5275},
abstract = {AIM AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Amphiroa fragilissima and assess its potential for dental and orthodontic use.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Methanolic extracts of A. fragilissima, collected from Rameshwaram, India, were tested against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnei using the Kirby-Bauer method. Antibiofilm activity was analyzed via Crystal Violet staining. Antioxidant potential was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activity was measured via a bovine serum albumin assay.

RESULTS: The extract showed dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with maximum inhibition observed at 100 µg/mL. Biofilm inhibition also increased with concentration. Antioxidant assays revealed significant radical scavenging activity, with results comparable to controls at higher concentrations. Anti-inflammatory testing showed reduced protein denaturation in treated samples, with effects similar to the positive control and significantly better than the blank.

CONCLUSION: Amphiroa fragilissima demonstrates strong antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, along with remineralization potential due to its calcium-rich composition. These properties support its potential as a natural, multifunctional agent for dental and orthodontic applications. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical use.},
}

@article {pmid41407557,
year = {2025},
author = {Tyagi, E and Sachan, A and Bhuyan, R and Kumari, P and Prakash, A},
title = {Next-Gen Biofilm Control: Gene Editing and Computational Approaches.},
journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica},
volume = {133},
number = {12},
pages = {e70122},
doi = {10.1111/apm.70122},
pmid = {41407557},
issn = {1600-0463},
mesh = {*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development ; *Gene Editing/methods ; Humans ; *Computational Biology/methods ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; *Bacteria/genetics/drug effects ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Phage Therapy ; Bacteriophages ; },
abstract = {Biofilms are microbial communities enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), significantly contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in medical, industrial, and environmental settings. Their matrix enhances microbial survival, inhibits antibiotic penetration, and facilitates horizontal gene transfer, worsening the AMR crisis. Conventional antimicrobial treatments often fail against biofilms, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Emerging biofilm-targeted interventions, such as nanotechnology-based antimicrobials, bacteriophage therapy, and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, offer promising solutions. Nanoparticles improve drug delivery, bacteriophages selectively lyse resistant bacterial populations, and CRISPR-Cas9 disrupts AMR-related genes and biofilm virulence factors. Additionally, AI and ML are advancing biofilm prediction models and antimicrobial optimization, paving the way for precision-targeted interventions. This review explores biofilm biology and next-generation biofilm control strategies, with a focus on AI-driven bioinformatics. Future research should focus on clinical translation, regulatory standardization, and scalable implementation in healthcare and industrial settings to combat biofilm-associated AMR.},
}

*Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development
*Gene Editing/methods
Humans
*Computational Biology/methods
CRISPR-Cas Systems
*Bacteria/genetics/drug effects
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Phage Therapy
Bacteriophages

@article {pmid41407163,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhang, S and Luan, Y and Wang, L and Sun, L and Jiang, P and Guo, D and Wang, B and Zhao, Y and Jiang, Y and Liu, D},
title = {Saikosaponin D from Bupleurum targets SaeR to disrupt biofilm formation and pathogenic programs for the treatment of MRSA pneumonia.},
journal = {Biochemical pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {117640},
doi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117640},
pmid = {41407163},
issn = {1873-2968},
abstract = {Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), remains a major clinical challenge due to biofilm formation, complex regulatory programs, and rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The SaeRS two-component system is a central regulatory node controlling multiple infection-related pathways, making its response regulator SaeR an attractive therapeutic target. Targeting such upstream regulators provides an alternative strategy to conventional bactericidal approaches. Through a network pharmacology-guided screen, we identified saikosaponin D (SSD), an oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin from Bupleurum, as a candidate compound. Biophysical and biochemical assays, including cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), demonstrated that SSD directly binds SaeR and impairs its DNA-binding capacity. This interference repressed SaeR-dependent transcription, resulting in reduced α-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) production, diminished hemolytic activity, decreased bacterial adhesion and invasion, and disruption of biofilm integrity through suppression of extracellular matrix components. In vivo, SSD conferred significant protection in both invertebrate and mammalian infection models. In Galleria mellonella, SSD improved survival, and in a murine model of MRSA pneumonia, SSD reduced pulmonary bacterial burden, alleviated inflammation and edema, and enhanced overall survival. Collectively, these findings establish SaeR as a druggable upstream regulator and highlight SSD as a natural product scaffold with translational potential for therapeutic development against MRSA infections.},
}